期刊
TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS
卷 12, 期 -, 页码 1-12出版社
COLUMBIA UNIV LIBRARIES, CENTER DIGITAL RESEARCH & SCHOLARSHIP
DOI: 10.5334/tohm.683
关键词
Holmes tremor; midbrain tremor; rubral tremor
Holmes Tremor is an irregular, slow-frequency tremor characterized by resting, postural, and action tremors of the upper extremities. It is caused by neuronal damage and aberrant axonal sprouting and synaptic dysfunction. Treatment options include medication and surgical management.
Holmes Tremor (HT) is an irregular, slow-frequency (<4.5 Hz) tremor characterized by a combination of resting, postural, and action tremors mostly of the upper extremities. Symptoms of HT typically emerge 4 weeks to 2 years after a brain injury caused by a spectrum of etiologies. HT pathophysiology is thought to result from aberrant collateral axonal sprouting and synaptic dysfunction following neuronal damage. To date, the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system, cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway, and dentaterubro-olivary pathway have all been implicated in the clinical manifestations of HT. The diversity of HT etiologies usually requires a personalized treatment plan. Current treatment options include carbidopa-levodopa, levetiracetam, and trihexyphenidyl, and surgical management such as deep brain stimulation in selected medication-refractory patients. In this review we discuss the pathophysiology, etiology, neuroimaging, and the latest clinical guidelines for care and management of HT.
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