Surface functionalization of graphene oxide with tannic acid: Covalent vs non-covalent approaches

Graphene oxide (GO) is gaining a lot of interest in material science, biomedicine and biotechnology due to its outstanding physical properties, combined with its surface functionalization capacity, processability in aqueous media and biocompatibility. However, van der Waals forces among GO layers result in aggre-gation, yet its dispersion, large-scale production, and reinforcing efficiency remain challenging. Herein, simple and environmentally friendly methods via covalent and non-covalent routes have been developed to exfoliate and prepare surface-functionalized GO nanosheets with tannic acid (TA), a biological macro-molecule with antioxidant activity. Four esterification strategies were tested: direct, carbodiimide acti-vated, oxalyl chloride acylation and via an acid-functionalized GO intermediate. The resulting samples have been extensively characterized to get knowledge on the GO-TA interactions and the degree of graft-ing, as well as their surface topography, level of hydrophilicity, solubility/dispersibility, thermal and antibacterial properties. The covalent grafting of TA renders the GO surface more hydrophobic, resulting in improved dispersion in organic solvents. Besides, TA acts as a crosslinker between the GO nanosheets, leading to higher thermal resistance. A synergistic effect of both GO and TA on inhibiting bacterial growth has also been found. The esterification via carbodiimide leads to the highest grafting degree, the best thermal stability and the most effective antibacterial activity. This work not only highlights the great potential of TA for both exfoliation and surface functionalization of GO, but also extends its applications in biomedicine and for the development of green nanocomposites. (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Automated summary

Graphene oxide (GO) has attracted significant interest in material science, biomedicine, and biotechnology due to its exceptional physical properties and surface functionalization capacity. In this study, a simple and environmentally friendly method was developed to prepare surface-functionalized GO nanosheets using tannic acid (TA) as a biological macro-molecule. The covalent grafting of TA improved the hydrophobicity and dispersion of GO in organic solvents, while also acting as a crosslinker to enhance thermal stability and antibacterial properties. This research emphasizes the potential of TA for the exfoliation and functionalization of GO, as well as its applications in biomedicine and the development of green nanocomposites.