期刊
JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE
卷 29, 期 1, 页码 -出版社
BMC
DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00839-6
关键词
Parkinson's disease; Gut microenvironment; Gastrointestinal inflammation; Impaired intestinal barrier; Gut microbiota; Gut-brain axis
资金
- National Health Research Institute [NHRI-EX111-11136NI]
- Ministry of Science and Technology [MOST 109-2320B-002-073]
- National Taiwan University [NTU-110-A-CC-5400-64841]
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, influenced by both genetic risk and environmental factors. While motor dysfunction is the main characteristic, the disease process involves multiple systems and shows heterogenous clinical presentation and progression. Genetic predisposition to Parkinson's disease includes abnormal immune responses, protein aggregation, autophagolysosomal impairment, and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to vulnerable neurons that are sensitive to environmental triggers. Changes in the gut microenvironment may potentially act as a trigger in genetically susceptible individuals.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease attributed to the synergistic effects of genetic risk and environmental stimuli. Although PD is characterized by motor dysfunction resulting from intraneuronal alpha-synuclein accumulations, termed Lewy bodies, and dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra, multiple systems are involved in the disease process, resulting in heterogenous clinical presentation and progression. Genetic predisposition to PD regarding aberrant immune responses, abnormal protein aggregation, autophagolysosomal impairment, and mitochondrial dysfunction leads to vulnerable neurons that are sensitive to environmental triggers and, together, result in neuronal degeneration. Neuropathology studies have shown that, at least in some patients, Lewy bodies start from the enteric nervous system and then spread to the central dopaminergic neurons through the gut-brain axis, suggesting the contribution of an altered gut microenvironment in the pathogenesis of PD. A plethora of evidence has revealed different gut microbiomes and gut metabolites in patients with PD compared to unaffected controls. Chronic gut inflammation and impaired intestinal barrier integrity have been observed in human PD patients and mouse models of PD. These observations led to the hypothesis that an altered gut microenvironment is a potential trigger of the PD process in a genetically susceptible host. In this review, we will discuss the complex interplay between genetic factors and gut microenvironmental changes contributing to PD pathogenesis.
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