Benzimidazole-acid hydrazide Schiff-Mannich combo ligands enable the nano-molar detection of Zn2+ in semi-aqueous media, HuH-7 cells, and plants via a fluorescence turn-on mode

In this study, we synthesized two unsymmetrical and dipodal Schiff-Mannich combo ligands, namely benzoic acid (3-benzoimidazol-1-ylmethyl-2-hydroxy-5-methyl-benzylidene)-hydrazide (H2BBH) and the hydroxyl analogue 2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (3-benzoimidazol-1-ylmethyl-2-hydroxy-5-methyl-benzylidene)-hydrazide (H3BSH), for the selective detection of Zn2+ in semi-aqueous media. Both the probes selectively depict a turn-on response to Zn2+ as a result of the combined effect of chelation-induced enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) and photo-induced electron transfer (PET). Detailed experimental studies reveal that H2BBH and H3BSH can detect Zn2+ in solutions with limit of detections of 27 nM and 46 nM, respectively. The structures of probe-Zn2+ ensembles were proposed as [(HBBH)(2)Zn] and [(H2BSH)(2)Zn] by ESI-MS, FT-IR spectroscopy, H-1 NMR titration and DFT/TD-DFT methods. Moreover, both the probes were successfully employed in the detection of Zn2+ in HuH-7 cells, seedlings of chickpea and mung beans, and paper strips.

Automated summary

In this study, two unsymmetrical and dipodal Schiff-Mannich combo ligands were synthesized and used for the selective detection of Zn2+ in semi-aqueous media. The probes showed a turn-on response to Zn2+ due to chelation-induced enhanced fluorescence and photo-induced electron transfer. Experimental studies showed that H2BBH and H3BSH could detect Zn2+ in solutions with low limit of detections. The structures of probe-Zn2+ ensembles were proposed by various methods. Moreover, the probes were successfully employed in the detection of Zn2+ in different samples.