Effect of sewage sludge type on the partitioning behaviour of pharmaceuticals: a meta-analysis

Assessment of the fate of pharmaceutical residues in the environment involves the measurement or prediction of their sewage sludge partition coefficient (K-d). Sewage sludge can be classified into four types: primary, activated, secondary and digested, each one with different physical and chemical properties. Published studies have measured K-d for pharmaceuticals in a variety of sludge types. This paper discusses the variability of reported K-d values of pharmaceuticals in different types of sewage sludge, using a dataset generated from the literature. Using a meta-analysis approach, it was shown that the measured K-d values depend on the type of sludge used in the test. Recommendations are given for the type of sludge to be used when studying the partitioning behaviour of pharmaceuticals in waste water treatment plants. Activated sludge is preferred due to its more homogenous nature and the ease of collection of consistent samples at a plant. Weak statistical relationships were found between K-d values for activated and secondary sludge, and for activated and digested sludge. Pooling of K-d values for these sludge types is not recommended for preliminary fate and risk assessments. In contrast, statistical analyses found stronger similarities between K-d values reported for the same pharmaceutical in primary and activated sludges. This allows the pooling of experimental values for these two sludge types to obtain a larger dataset for modelling purposes.