4.6 Review

2D non-carbide MXenes: an emerging material class for energy storage and conversion

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Exfoliation and Delamination of Ti3C2Tx MXene Prepared via Molten Salt Etching Route

Liyuan Liu et al.

Summary: This study reports a successful method for exfoliating MS-Ti3C2Tx, resulting in a self-supported chlorinated MXene film, through intercalation of the organic molecule TBAOH and sonication. The experimental results show that tuning the surface chemistry of MXene has a significant impact on electrochemical performance, leading to improved specific capacity and rate capability in Li-ion battery application.

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Phase-Controllable Synthesis of Ultrathin Molybdenum Nitride Crystals Via Atomic Substitution of MoS2

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Summary: The study successfully synthesized two phases of ultrathin nonlayered molybdenum nitrides using the atomic substitution approach, demonstrating their high crystallinity and conductivity, with potential applications in nanoelectronic devices.

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Methods of synthesis, characteristics, and environmental applications of MXene: A comprehensive review

Jagadeesan Aravind Kumar et al.

Summary: MXene, a novel material consisting of two-dimensional transition metal carbides/nitride, has superior physical and chemical properties suitable for environmental remediation of toxic compounds. With its highly hydrophilic surface, ion exchange property, and robust surface functional groups, MXene is widely employed in separation techniques like photocatalysis, adsorption, and membrane separation for the removal of toxic pollutants. The review paper comprehensively discusses the structural patterns, preparation, properties, and application of MXene, emphasizing its significance in addressing priority environmental pollutants and challenges in synthesis and use for decontamination purposes.

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Holdups in Nitride MXene's Development and Limitations in Advancing the Field of MXene

Denis Johnson et al.

Summary: As nanomaterials play a crucial role in electronics, the unique properties of 2D nanomaterials, particularly MXenes, have attracted significant attention in the scientific community. While carbide MXenes have been extensively studied, there is a lack of research exploring nitride MXenes and their underlying mechanisms. This review highlights the limited works on nitride MXenes and the applications of characterization techniques to understand energy storage and conversion in MXenes, and identifies challenges and research directions for advancing the field.
Article Chemistry, Physical

High-Entropy Carbonitride MAX Phases and Their Derivative MXenes

Zhiguo Du et al.

Summary: The research team successfully synthesized high-entropy carbonitride MAX phases and MXenes by metallurgically treating medium-entropy MAX phases and other MAX phases, solving the phase separation issue and demonstrating good adsorption and catalytic activities. Lithium-sulfur batteries prepared using these materials exhibit high-rate performance and good cycling stability.

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Room-Temperature Assembled MXene-Based Aerogels for High Mass-Loading Sodium-Ion Storage

Fei Song et al.

Summary: This study reports on the low-temperature assembly of MXene nanosheets into robust three-dimensional aerogels. By using suitable cross-linking agents, graphene oxide-assisted assembly of Ti3C2Tx MXene aerogel with high Ti3C2Tx content and robustness was achieved. Further modification allowed for the use of this aerogel as a freestanding anode for sodium-ion storage, demonstrating promising electrochemical performances.

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MXsorption of mercury: Exceptional reductive behavior of titanium carbide/carbonitride MXenes

Asif Shahzad et al.

Summary: This study successfully synthesized Ti3CNTx and Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets, showing excellent removal capabilities for Hg2+ with adsorption capacities higher than previous Hg adsorbents.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2022)

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Evaluation of two-dimensional transition-metal carbides and carbonitrides (MXenes) for SERS substrates

Kateryna Shevchuk et al.

Summary: This initial report demonstrates that two-dimensional transition-metal carbides and carbonitrides (MXenes) have potential as plasmonic materials for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), enabling sensitive detection of analyte molecules. MXenes show both electromagnetic and chemical enhancements in SERS due to their surface plasmon resonances, metallic characters, and rich surface chemistries. Ti3C2 and Ti2C exhibit the highest enhancement and outperform commercially available substrates.

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Metallic Carbonitride MXene Based Photonic Hyperthermia for Tumor Therapy

Yanhua Zhu et al.

Summary: Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising noninvasive hyperthermia treatment for cancer. MXene, with its intriguing structures, fantastic photodynamic properties, and good biocompatibility, has not been sufficiently explored in PTT. This study demonstrates the potential of anionic modulation to enhance light absorption in MXene, using metal carbonitride as an example, resulting in efficient photonic hyperthermia against tumors in vitro and in vivo.
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Tuning the magnetic properties of Zr2N MXene by biaxial strain

Yunliang Yue et al.

Summary: The magnetic properties of Zr2N MXene are affected by strain, with a transition from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic states observed with strain exceeding 4%. The critical temperature decreases with strain for antiferromagnetic states but increases for ferromagnetic states. Additionally, both the easy-axis orientation and magnetic anisotropy energy of Zr2N MXene fluctuate with strain.

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Ambient-Stable Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide (MXene) Enabled by Iodine Etching

Huanhuan Shi et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated a fluoride-free, iodine-assisted etching route for preparing oxygen-rich two-dimensional MXene with intact lattice structure. These MXene sheets exhibit excellent thin-film conductivity and great ambient stability in water, showing promise for practical applications.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2021)

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Mechanical behaviors of titanium nitride and carbide MXenes: A molecular dynamics study

S. Milad Hatam-Lee et al.

Summary: MXenes have undergone significant evolution and advances in their mechanical properties and applications, with Ti2N showing the highest Young's modulus and strength. Oxidation has different effects on Titanium Carbide and Titanium Nitride MXene structures, leading to enhanced Young's modulus in the former and the opposite in the latter.

APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE (2021)

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Experimental and Theoretical Advances in MXene-Based Gas Sensors

Sadegh Mehdi Aghaei et al.

Summary: MXenes, two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, have gained attention in the field of gas sensing due to their remarkable features and ability to form nanohybrids with other nanomaterials, enhancing the efficiency of MXene-based gas-sensing devices.

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Two-Dimensional Carbonitride MXenes as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution

Bo Wei et al.

Summary: Carbonitride MXenes are highly desirable as potential electrocatalysts for the HER due to their excellent properties. This study explored the stable configurations of Mo-based carbonitride MXenes under various electrochemical environments, finding that O*/OH*-terminated Mo-based carbonitride MXenes exhibit the most stable state at ambient conditions with good catalytic activity for HER. The results provide a strategy to synthesize carbonitride MXenes with various surface functionalizations and design them through chemical doping and strain engineering.

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Surface Chemistry and Mesopore Dual Regulation by Sulfur-Promised High Volumetric Capacity of Ti3C2Tx Films for Sodium-Ion Storage

Guohao Li et al.

Summary: This study explores the use of sulfur as a mediator to modulate the surface chemistry and microstructure of Ti3C2Tx (MXene) based films, leading to the synthesis of S-doped mesoporous Ti3C2Tx films with high flexibility; The mesoporous architecture provides desirable surface accessibility without sacrificing the high density of the Ti3C2Tx film; Surface sulfur doping of Ti3C2Tx facilitates the diffusion of sodium ions, which is crucial for achieving high volumetric capacity of the electrode material.
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Modulating electronic, magnetic and mechanical properties of MVN (M = Ti, V, Cr) MXenes by surface functionalization

Siyu Li et al.

Summary: Using first-principles calculations, this study examines the properties of V-based nitride MXene systems (MVN) with symmetrically and asymmetrically functionalized by F, OH and O groups, finding that the functionalized systems are thermodynamically stable and some are potential semiconductors, with distinctive band structures in MVNOF systems. Antiferromagnetic (AFM)-ferromagnetic (FM) transition can also be obtained in certain functionalized systems, indicating potential for electronic and spintronic device applications.

SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Mechanisms of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Two-Dimensional Nitride MXenes Using In Situ X-Ray Absorption Spectroelectrochemistry

Abdoulaye Djire et al.

Summary: MXenes, based on early transition-metal carbides and nitrides, exhibit highly tunable electrochemical properties suitable for various catalytic reactions. Research has shown that modifying these MXenes can enhance their catalytic activity, such as in the hydrogen evolution reaction. Mechanistic studies using in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicate that the creation of oxygen vacancies on the basal planes is crucial for the catalytic activity, providing insight for future electrocatalysis and photocatalysis schemes.

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2D MXenes: Tunable Mechanical and Tribological Properties

Brian C. Wyatt et al.

Summary: MXenes, as two-dimensional materials, have wide applications in energy, electronics, sensors, etc., with their mechanical properties, flexibility, and strong adhesion playing key roles. Despite the critical nature of MXenes' performance, further exploration is needed in understanding their mechanical and tribological behavior.

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Improving oxidation stability of 2D MXenes: synthesis, storage media, and conditions

Aamir Iqbal et al.

Summary: This article discusses the oxidative degradation of MXene suspensions and methods to control the oxidation kinetics, emphasizing the potential and application prospects of MXenes in various fields.

NANO CONVERGENCE (2021)

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2D Titanium Carbide (MXene) Based Films: Expanding the Frontier of Functional Film Materials

Guohao Li et al.

Summary: Ti3C2Tx-based films exhibit excellent electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties, as well as convenient processability, achieved through layer-to-layer arrangement. They are widely used in various applications due to these appealing features.

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Ten Years of Progress in the Synthesis and Development of MXenes

Michael Naguib et al.

Summary: Since their discovery in 2011, the number of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) has steadily increased to over 40 compositions, potentially becoming the largest family of 2D materials. MXenes exhibit unique properties such as high electrical conductivity, which make them useful in various applications like energy storage and optoelectronics. The production of MXenes using methods like selective etching has led to rapid growth in research publications and patents, indicating promising commercialization potential.

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Cr2NX2 MXene (X = O, F, OH): A 2D ferromagnetic half-metal

Qian Sun et al.

Summary: Using spin-polarized first-principles calculations, it was found that two-dimensional transition metal nitride MXenes Cr2NX2 exhibit excellent properties as two-dimensional half-metallic ferromagnetic materials, with stable ferromagnetic ground states and large half-metal bandgaps that can ensure high spin filtering efficiency. Additionally, the half-metallic property of these functionalized Cr2NX2 systems is robust and can be maintained under tensile strains up to 10%, making them promising for the development of highly efficient spintronic devices for room temperature applications.

APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2021)

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Adsorption and Activation of CO2 on Nitride MXenes: Composition, Temperature, and Pressure effects

Anabel Jurado et al.

Summary: The study reveals that the composition of MXenes significantly influences their CO2-philicity, while the effect of thickness is generally small but not negligible. Ti-, Hf-, and Zr-derived MXenes are predicted to exhibit the largest exothermic activation, making them feasible substrates for CO2 trapping. Cr-, Mo-, and W-derived MXenes, which show strong interaction with CO2 but do not favor molecular dissociation, are particularly suitable for CCS applications.

CHEMPHYSCHEM (2021)

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A decade of discovery: A review of MXenes, the family of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides

Yury Gogotsi

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Tailoring Ti3CNTx MXene via an acid molecular scissor

Ningjun Chen et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the use of an acid molecular scissor to tailor Ti3CNTx MXene at the atomic scale, resulting in enhanced redox-active sites, improved specific capacitance, and electrochemical performance. The tailored Ti3CNTx MXene was further assembled into a micro-supercapacitor with high volumetric capacitance and energy density. This work offers a new strategy for enhancing MXenes for various applications including energy storage.

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Spectroscopic signature of negative electronic compressibility from the Ti core-level of titanium carbonitride MXene

Warakorn Jindata et al.

Summary: MXene materials Ti3CNTx exhibit higher negative charge and significantly higher electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness compared to Ti3C2Tx, with a distinctive negative electronic compressibility (NEC) effect observed in the electronic structure. The experimental findings and density functional theory calculations suggest that the hybridization of titanium-nitrogen bonding in Ti3CNTx promotes negative electronic compressibility, offering a new strategy for energy and charge storage applications.

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Computational screening study of double transition metal carbonitrides M′2MCNO2-MXene as catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction

Zhoulan Zeng et al.

Summary: This study investigated the HER activity of 64 O-terminated double transition metal carbonitrides and found 11 candidates with superior performance compared to Pt. Among them, Ti2NbCNO2, Mo2TiCNO2, and Ti2VCNO2 were identified as more stable options with potential to be perfect HER catalysts. This work provides a pathway for designing excellent HER catalyst candidates based on M ' M-2 '' CNO2-MXenes.

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Synthesis of new two-dimensional titanium carbonitride Ti2C0.5N0.5Tx MXene and its performance as an electrode material for sodium-ion battery

Kun Liang et al.

Summary: A new 2D carbonitride MXene material, Ti2C0.5N0.5Tx, was reported in this study, showing higher specific capacities and larger electroactive surface area compared to traditional Ti2CTx powders. The multilayer Ti2C0.5N0.5Tx powders exhibited a specific capacity of 182 mAh g-1 at 20 mA g-1, the highest among reported MXene electrodes for SIBs, with excellent cycling stability.

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Nitride MXenes as sulfur hosts for thermodynamic and kinetic suppression of polysulfide shuttling: a computational study

Ke Fan et al.

Summary: The surface-functionalized V2N MXenes are proposed as host materials to enhance the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries, improving the kinetics and suppressing the shuttling of lithium polysulfides. Theoretical calculations show that V2NS2 exhibits the lowest energy barrier for sulfur reduction reaction during discharge, while also displaying outstanding catalytic ability for Li2S decomposition during charge, suggesting its potential as a promising host material for S cathodes.

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Current trends in MXene research: properties and applications

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Summary: MXene, a new class of two-dimensional materials, has attracted significant attention for its diversity, surface hydrophilicity, and easy composite formation with other materials. This article provides a comprehensive review on the structural features, application areas, experimental and theoretical research of MXene, and discusses its potential application value and future development directions in fields such as energy and electromagnetic interference shielding.

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The world of two-dimensional carbides and nitrides (MXenes)

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Scalable Synthesis of Ti3C2Tx MXene

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Christine B. Hatter et al.

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Basal Plane Hydrogen Evolution Activity from Mixed Metal Nitride MXenes Measured by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

Abdoulaye Djire et al.

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High-Throughput Screening of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Catalysts in MXene Materials

Jingnan Zheng et al.

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Multiscale and Multimodal Characterization of 2D Titanium Carbonitride MXene

Weiwei Sun et al.

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Effects of Synthesis and Processing on Optoelectronic Properties of Titanium Carbonitride MXene

Kanit Hantanasirisakul et al.

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Overview of the synthesis of MXenes and other ultrathin 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides

Louisiane Verger et al.

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Synthesis, structure, properties and applications of MXenes: Current status and perspectives

Rodrigo Mantovani Ronchi et al.

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Promoting Role of MXene Nanosheets in Biomedical Sciences: Therapeutic and Biosensing Innovations

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Electrocatalytic and Optoelectronic Characteristics of the Two-Dimensional Titanium Nitride Ti4N3Tx MXene

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Environmental Stability of MXenes as Energy Storage Materials

Xinliang Li et al.

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Tuning Noncollinear Spin Structure and Anisotropy in Ferromagnetic Nitride MXenes

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Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbonitride Mxene for High-Performance Sodium Ion Batteries

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2D molybdenum and vanadium nitrides synthesized by ammoniation of 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes)

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The role of terminations and coordination atoms on the pseudocapacitance of titanium carbonitride monolayers

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