Effective field theory and the scattering process for magnons in ferromagnets, antiferromagnets, and ferrimagnets

We discuss that a low-energy effective Lagrangian relying on SO(3) -> SO(2) is applicable for a ferrimagnet as well as a ferromagnet and an antiferromagnet. We derive the Hamiltonian from the Lagrangian using the Poisson and Dirac brackets, and determine the particle states. The analysis of the particle states shows that there exist not only massless modes with the dispersion relations omega proportional to vertical bar k vertical bar, vertical bar k vertical bar(2), i.e., the so-called type-I and type-II Nambu-Goldstone modes, respectively, but also gapped modes with omega proportional to m(2) +vertical bar k vertical bar(2). We clarify how the coefficients of the terms with one time derivative and those with two time derivatives in the effective Lagrangian determine the order parameters specifying whether the system is in a ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, or ferrimagnetic state; we stress that the gapped mode resulting form the spontaneous symmetry breaking appears only in the ferrimagnetic system and not in the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems. We also establish the power-counting scheme and calculate the scattering amplitudes and thereby the scattering lengths between the two Nambu-Goldstone bosons. We show that the scattering length of the gapped mode is finite and proportional to the gap. This characteristic property of the gapped NG mode can be used to discriminate it from gapped excitations that originate in other mechanisms. Finally, we study the effects of the explicit symmetry breaking that are given by an external magnetic field and a single-ion anisotropy, and show that the external magnetic fields do not have any effects on the scattering amplitudes in all the spin systems, as was known for the ferromagnet system. In contrast, the anisotropy does affect the scattering amplitudes, the phase shift, and the scattering length except for spin 1/2 systems. This result supports the possibility of the Efimov effect in spin systems discussed in previous studies.