期刊
PEERJ
卷 4, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
PEERJ INC
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2694
关键词
Miniaturization; Amphibia; Biogeography; Systematics; Endangered species; Osteology; Evolution; Cryptic species
资金
- Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigacion e Innovacion Tecnologica (PAPIIT-UNAM), Mexico [IN209914]
- U.S. National Science Foundation [EF-0334846, EF-0334939, DEB-0613802]
- Council on Research and Creative Work, University of Colorado at Boulder
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology
- Center for Latin American Studies
- Sigma Xi (Alpha chapter), University of California, Berkeley
- Putnam Expeditionary Fund of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
- David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Division Of Environmental Biology [1441652] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Directorate For Geosciences
- Division Of Earth Sciences [1561622] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
We describe three new species of minute salamanders, genus Thorius, from the Sierra Madre del Sur of Oaxaca, Mexico. Until now only a single species, T minutissimus, has been reported from this region, although molecular data have long shown extensive genetic differentiation among geographically disjunct populations. Adult Thorius pinicola sp. nov., T. longicaudus sp. nov., and T tlaxtacus sp. nov. are larger than T minutissimus and possess elliptical rather than oval nostrils; T pinicola and T longicaudus also have longer tails. All three new species occur west of the range of T minutissimus, which has the eastern most distribution of any member of the genus. The new species are distinguished from each other and from other named Thorius in Oaxaca by a combination of adult body size, external morphology and osteology, and by protein characters (allozymes) and differences in DNA sequences. In addition, we redescribe T minutissimus and a related species, T narisovalis, to further clarify the taxonomic status of Oaxacan populations and to facilitate future studies of the remaining genetically differentiated Thorius that cannot be satisfactorily assigned to any named species. Populations of all five species considered here appear to have declined dramatically over the last one or two decades and live specimens are difficult to find in nature. Thorius may be the most endangered genus of amphibians in the world. All species may go extinct before the end of this century.
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