A state-of-the-art review on modern and future developments of AGC/LFC of conventional and renewable energy-based power systems

This paper presents a comprehensive literature review and an up-to-date bibliography on automatic gen-eration control (AGC)/load frequency control (LFC) of interconnected power systems integrated with con-ventional, renewable and sustainable energy sources. The objective of AGC is to quickly stabilize the deviations in frequency and tie-line power following load fluctuations. Various state-of-the-art AGC strategies have not been reviewed so far, hence, an appropriate review on recent AGC mechanism is indis-pensable. Salient points discussed and highlighted in this survey include different power system models with/without renewable sources, and integration of sophisticated concepts such as microgrids (MGs), smart grids (SGs), distributed generations (DGs), high voltage direct current (HVDC) links, and power sys-tem after liberalization. Furthermore, various examined control approaches like traditional controllers, intelligent methods, adaptive, robust, optimal, variable, soft computing, centralized and decentralized methods with their advantages and disadvantages have been pondered and compared. Further, AGC chal-lenges with incorporation of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS), energy storage devices and high penetration of renewable sources for modern and future power systems have been addressed. This review concludes the new control schemes namely, electrical vehicles (EVs), fractional-order (FO) based controllers, fuzzy aided controllers, and cascaded controllers with case studies. Research gaps and direc-tions for future developments AGC of power systems are also discussed.(c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest research on automatic generation control of interconnected power systems, including different system models, control methods, and challenges. The paper also discusses new control schemes and directions for future developments.