Oligomer formation from the gas-phase reactions of Criegee intermediates with hydroperoxide esters: mechanism and kinetics

Hydroperoxide esters, formed in the reactions of carbonyl oxides (also called Criegee intermediates, CIs) with formic acid, play a crucial role in the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the atmosphere. However, the transformation mechanism of hydroperoxide esters in the presence of stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCIs) is not well understood. Herein, the oligomerization reaction mechanisms and kinetics of distinct SCI (CH2OO, syn-CH3CHOO, anti-CH3CHOO, and (CH3)(2)COO) reactions, with their respective hydroperoxide esters and with hydroperoxymethyl formate (HPMF), are investigated in the gas phase using quantum chemical and kinetics modeling methods. The calculations show that the addition reactions of SCIs with hydroperoxide esters proceed through successive insertion of SCIs into hydroperoxide ester to form oligomers that involve SCIs as the repeated chain unit. The saturated vapor pressure and saturated concentration of the formed oligomers decrease monotonically as the number of SCIs is increased. The exothermicity of oligomerization reactions decreases significantly when the number of methyl substituents increases, and the exothermicity of anti-methyl substituted carbonyl oxides is obviously higher than that of syn-methyl substituted carbonyl oxides. The -OOH insertion reaction is energetically more feasible than the -CH insertion pathway in the SCI oligomerization reactions, and the barrier heights increase with increasing the number of SCIs added to the oligomer, except for syn-CH3CHOO. For the reactions of distinct SCIs with HPMF, the barrier of the -OOH insertion pathway shows a dramatic decrease when a methyl substituent occurs at the anti-position, while it reveals a significant increase when a methyl group is introduced at the syn-position and dimethyl substituent. Compared with the rate coefficients of the CH2OO + HPMF reaction, the rate coefficients increase by about 1 order of magnitude when a methyl substituent occurs at the anti-position, whereas the rate coefficients decrease by 1-2 orders of magnitude when a methyl group is introduced at the syn-position. These new findings advance our current understanding of the influence of Criegee chemistry on the formation and growth processes and the chemical compositions of SOA.

Automated summary

This study investigates the influence of Criegee chemistry on the formation and growth processes as well as chemical compositions of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) through quantum chemical and kinetics modeling methods. The results reveal that the addition reactions of stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCIs) with hydroperoxide esters proceed through successive insertion of SCIs to form oligomers. The barrier heights and exothermicity of the oligomerization reactions are found to be dependent on the number of methyl substituents. Additionally, the rate coefficients of the reactions between SCIs and hydroperoxymethyl formate (HPMF) are influenced by the position of the methyl substituent.