4.6 Review

Retrieving Spent Cathodes from Lithium-Ion Batteries through Flourishing Technologies

相关参考文献

注意:仅列出部分参考文献,下载原文获取全部文献信息。
Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Ternary Molten Salt Approach for Direct Regeneration of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Cathode

Zuoyu Qin et al.

Summary: A ternary molten salt approach has been proposed for efficiently regenerating the cathode of spent lithium-ion batteries. The process involves treating the spent cathode powder in a ternary molten salt at moderate temperature and subsequently annealing in oxygen. The regenerated cathode shows improved electrochemical performance compared to the fresh cathode.
Review Chemistry, Physical

Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries-Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

Jonas Neumann et al.

Summary: This paper provides an overview of the current state and future trends in the recycling technology of lithium-ion batteries. The widespread use of lithium-ion batteries in various applications necessitates the development of efficient recycling methods. However, the complexity of these batteries and their varying compositions pose challenges in establishing a robust recycling procedure. The paper discusses current practices and regulations, as well as predictions and approaches for future battery recycling.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Physical

A sustainable strategy for spent Li-ion battery regeneration: microwave-hydrothermal relithiation complemented with anode-revived graphene to construct a LiFePO4/MWrGO cathode material

Zhenyu Jiang et al.

Summary: In this study, a microwave-hydrothermal relithiation process was used to revive spent LiFePO4 (LFP) battery cathodes, with the addition of microwave-reduced graphene oxide (MWrGO) derived from spent graphite anodes, to form a composite LFP/MWrGO cathode material. The regenerated LFP cathodes showed improved morphology and electrochemical performance, with the introduction of anode-revived graphene contributing to a hierarchical structure and conductive network. Laboratory-scale economic and environmental analyses demonstrated the favorable atom economy and low energy consumption of the regeneration process.

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & FUELS (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Flux upcycling of spent NMC 111 to nickel-rich NMC cathodes in reciprocal ternary molten salts

Tao Wang et al.

Summary: The proper handling of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries has become an urgent issue with the increasing use of these batteries. This study presents a reciprocal ternary molten salts system that can directly upcycle spent cathodes into high-value cathodes, effectively reducing environmental pollution. The resulting cathodes exhibit similar performance to pristine cathodes.

ISCIENCE (2022)

Article Electrochemistry

Sustainable regenerating of high-voltage performance LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries by interface engineering

Yue Wang et al.

Summary: This study proposes a direct recycling method of interface engineering to improve the high-voltage property of regenerated LiCoO2.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2022)

Article Engineering, Chemical

Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate via a Low-Temperature Molten Salt Process Coupled with a Reductive Environment

Xiang Liu et al.

Summary: This study proposes a new method to regenerate spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathode materials, which utilizes a low-temperature molten salt process combined with a reductive environment to suppress oxidation. The recovered LFP particles have a lithium-deficient and damaged structure, leading to higher specific capacity and better rate performance.

INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH (2022)

Review Chemistry, Physical

Recycling cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries for advanced catalysts production

Yafei Shen

Summary: The recycling of electrode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) focuses on the recovery of transition metals for the production of new batteries or catalysts. Hydrometallurgical processes are more commonly used than pyrometallurgical processes for the recovery of transition metal oxides, which have a significant impact on catalysis applications. Additionally, the synthesis of transition metal based compounds should be developed to enhance their photo-electro-catalytic activities.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2022)

Article Chemistry, Physical

In Situ Electrochemical Regeneration of Degraded LiFePO4 Electrode with Functionalized Prelithiation Separator

Min Fan et al.

Summary: The recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is of great significance for sustainable development. This study proposes a green recycling method to regenerate degraded LiFePO4 (LFP) electrodes through a prelithiation technique, reducing the cost of the recycling process.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Applied

Closed-loop cobalt recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries based on a deep eutectic solvent (DES) with easy solvent recovery

Taibai Li et al.

Summary: This paper reports a closed-loop and highly efficient approach to recycle lithium cobalt oxide from spent LIBs using a choline chloride:oxalic acid deep eutectic solvent. An ultrafast leaching process is observed, and the solubility of cobalt ions can be reversibly tuned by adjusting the water content, enabling the easy recovery of the leaching solvent. This approach achieves high efficiency and green recycling of LIB electrodes.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY CHEMISTRY (2022)

Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Assessment of recycling methods and processes for lithium-ion batteries

Chengetai Portia Makwarimba et al.

Summary: This review discusses physical, chemical, and direct methods for recycling lithium-ion batteries and explores future recovery routes. The study shows that physical and chemical processes can effectively treat the cathode active materials, while direct recycling methods can maintain the chemical structure and process value of battery materials. However, challenges remain in controlling impurities in recovered products and ensuring the overall sustainability of the recycling process.

ISCIENCE (2022)

Article Energy & Fuels

Direct Recycling of Spent LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Cathodes Based on Single Oxalic Acid Leaching and Regeneration under Mild Conditions Assisted by Lithium Acetate

Boyu Liu et al.

Summary: A novel method combining oxalic acid leaching, calcination relithiation, and annealing is proposed to regenerate spent LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) cathodes. This method can efficiently recycle valuable metals and reduce recycling costs, while maintaining a high initial capacity.

ENERGY & FUELS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Achieving low-temperature hydrothermal relithiation by redox mediation for direct recycling of spent lithium-ion battery cathodes

Xiaolu Yu et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates a low-temperature hydrothermal relithiation process for efficient and safe recycling of spent NCM cathode materials, achieving complete recovery of composition, crystal structure, and electrochemical performance. Moreover, the total energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission in battery recycling are reduced, making it a more sustainable approach.

ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Preparation of single-crystal ternary cathode materials via recycling spent cathodes for high performance lithium-ion batteries

Cheng Huang et al.

Summary: This study proposes a facile and effective strategy to recycle spent electrode materials into single-crystal cathodes using a Li-based molten salt. The regenerated single-crystal cathode material exhibits excellent electrochemical performance and cycling stability, making it suitable for producing high-performance cathode materials. The versatility and flexibility of this strategy are demonstrated by its ability to recycle various waste Ni-Co-Mn ternary cathode materials. This approach contributes to the sustainable development of lithium-ion batteries by addressing the issues caused by the large amounts of spent batteries.

NANOSCALE (2022)

Review Engineering, Environmental

Sustainable Recycling of Electrode Materials in Spent Li-Ion Batteries through Direct Regeneration Processes

Yingqi Lu et al.

Summary: The prevalence of electric vehicles will generate a large number of spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) globally. Recycling these batteries in a sustainable and effective manner is of utmost importance. Conventional recycling strategies have drawbacks in terms of emissions, cost, and energy consumption. Direct recycling processes provide viable options to rejuvenate LIB compounds without chemical change. This article discusses different regeneration methods for LIB electrodes and highlights the advancements of direct recycling technology.

ACS ES&T ENGINEERING (2022)

Review Environmental Sciences

A review on the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) by the bioleaching approach

Joseph Jegan Roy et al.

Summary: This review discusses the latest trend in recovering valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries to meet the technological world's critical metal demands. Biotechnological approaches, specifically microbiological metal dissolution or bioleaching, have emerged as promising alternatives for metal recovery from LIB waste due to their eco-friendly nature, cost-effectiveness, and energy efficiency.

CHEMOSPHERE (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

A Novel Pyrometallurgical Recycling Process for Lithium-Ion Batteries and Its Application to the Recycling of LCO and LFP

Alexandra Holzer et al.

Summary: The bottleneck of recycling chains for spent lithium-ion batteries lies in the recovery of valuable metals from the black matter left after dismantling and deactivation in pre-treatment processes. By studying different reactor designs, the high-temperature behavior of lithium cobalt oxide and lithium iron phosphate from LIB with carbon addition was investigated to improve the efficiency of metal recovery. Analysis showed promising results with high rates of lithium removal achieved using different crucibles.

METALS (2021)

Article Engineering, Chemical

Pyrometallurgical Lithium-Ion-Battery Recycling: Approach to Limiting Lithium Slagging with the InduRed Reactor Concept

Stefan Windisch-Kern et al.

Summary: The complexity of spent lithium-ion batteries waste poses challenges on recycling industry. Pyrometallurgical processes are beneficial but unable to recover lithium from black matter, whereas the InduRed reactor concept shows promise in achieving high recovery potentials for nickel, cobalt, and manganese at temperatures of 800°C to 1000°C, while preventing lithium slagging.

PROCESSES (2021)

Article Energy & Fuels

Closed-Loop Utilization of Molten Salts in Layered Material Preparation for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Zhanjun Chen et al.

Summary: A closed-loop utilization of molten salts is proposed for the first time in this study, showing the feasibility of reusing recycled molten salts for synthesizing cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. This research provides significant insights for guiding green and environmental-friendly preparation methods involving molten salts.

FRONTIERS IN ENERGY RESEARCH (2021)

Article Engineering, Environmental

Estimation of recoverable resources used in lithium-ion batteries from portable electronic devices in Japan

Yoshinori Morita et al.

Summary: This study estimated the recoverable resources used in LIBs from portable electronic devices in Japan. The analysis showed cobalt as the most utilized resource, with a gradual decrease in recent years, while nickel usage has increased. The amounts of copper, lithium, manganese, and fluorine steadily increased with the increase in LIB usage. Vacuum heat treatment was found to be effective in inactivating LIBs.

RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Regeneration of degraded Li-rich layered oxide materials through heat treatment-induced transition metal reordering

Yixuan Li et al.

Summary: LRLO materials face voltage and capacity decay during electrochemical cycling, but can be recovered through heat treatment and re-lithiation. Transition metal reordering is identified as the key factor for structure recovery in degraded LRLO. This study offers promising strategies to mitigate voltage and capacity degradation in LRLO.

ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Sustainable Regeneration of High-Performance Li1-xNaxCoO2 from Cathode Materials in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Jiawei Wu et al.

Summary: This study successfully obtained high-performance Li1-xNaxCoO2 cathode materials through relithiation regeneration and modification, showing better discharge capacity and cycle stability, especially at high current density and high voltage.

ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Reuse of LiCoO2 Electrodes Collected from Spent Li-Ion Batteries after Electrochemical Re-Lithiation of the Electrode

Katja Lahtinen et al.

Summary: The study found that the structure and capacity of aged LiCoO2 can be restored through re-lithiation, providing a new method for the recycling of used batteries.

CHEMSUSCHEM (2021)

Article Engineering, Environmental

A green, efficient, closed-loop direct regeneration technology for reconstructing of the LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode material from spent lithium-ion batteries

Xiaoping Fan et al.

Summary: This study proposed a green and efficient closed-loop direct regeneration technology for reconstructing cathode materials from spent lithium ion batteries, successfully recovering lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide and providing a new approach for the industrialization of spent lithium ion battery recycling.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2021)

Article Engineering, Environmental

Hydrometallurgical recycling of EV lithium-ion batteries: Effects of incineration on the leaching efficiency of metals using sulfuric acid

Nathalia Vieceli et al.

Summary: The incineration process is an effective method for recycling metals from spent batteries, achieving leaching efficiencies of over 70%. Increasing the incineration temperature reduces graphite signal intensity and oxidative conditions, while lower incineration temperatures and longer leaching times contribute to partial carbothermic reduction of metals.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Design and Optimization of the Direct Recycling of Spent Li-Ion Battery Cathode Materials

Panpan Xu et al.

Summary: Direct regeneration of spent Li-ion batteries through hydrothermal relithiation of cathode materials is a promising recycling technology for the future. By optimizing process parameters, it is possible to minimize energy and raw material costs. The use of a cost-effective mixture of LiOH and KOH or recycling concentrated LiOH can significantly reduce raw material costs, leading to decreased energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, and potentially increased revenue when compared to other recycling methods.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Recycling and environmental issues of lithium-ion batteries: Advances, challenges and opportunities

C. M. Costa et al.

Summary: This work provides an overview on the relevance of recycling Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and their environmental impact. It analyzes the components and market value of LIBs, addresses different recycling methods for critical metals like cobalt and nickel, and describes the main environmental issues associated with the production, use and end of life of LIBs for electric vehicles.

ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS (2021)

Article Engineering, Environmental

Direct recovery of degraded LiCoO2 cathode material from spent lithium-ion batteries: Efficient impurity removal toward practical applications

Huimeng Yang et al.

Summary: This study presents a strategy for directly removing complex impurities and repairing degraded LiCoO2, achieving high recovery rate and excellent performance. The regenerated LiCoO2 exhibits high reversible capacity, cycling stability, and rate capability, comparable to commercial materials.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Direct Cathode Recycling of End-Of-Life Li-Ion Batteries Enabled by Redox Mediation

Kyusung Park et al.

Summary: The increasing popularity of electric vehicles will lead to a substantial amount of lithium-ion battery waste, highlighting the importance of recycling and reusing cathode materials. Research shows that certain quinone-based redox mediators can efficiently relithiate end-of-life cathode materials, making them ready for new battery production.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

End-of-life or second-life options for retired electric vehicle batteries

Juner Zhu et al.

Summary: As electric vehicles become more widespread, a large volume of retired lithium-ion battery packs will soon appear, leading to the development of various end-of-life options. Reusing retired batteries in less-demanding applications like stationary energy storage may create new value pools in the energy and transportation sectors.

CELL REPORTS PHYSICAL SCIENCE (2021)

Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Technologies of lithium recycling from waste lithium ion batteries: a review

Hyuntae Bae et al.

Summary: The consumption of lithium-based materials has doubled in eight years due to the surge in demand for lithium applications, such as lithium-ion batteries. The market size for lithium-ion batteries has grown steadily to $40 billion, with lithium extracted from natural minerals and brines. Despite an 18% increase in lithium consumption from 2018 to 2019, limited reserves may lead to depletion, prompting the development of lithium recycling technologies. However, less than 1 percent of lithium is currently recycled, underscoring the need for future improvement in recycling technologies.

MATERIALS ADVANCES (2021)

Review Engineering, Environmental

Regeneration and reutilization of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries

Yanlan Zhao et al.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2020)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Sustainable Recycling Technology for Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond: Challenges and Future Prospects

Ersha Fan et al.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2020)

Article Engineering, Geological

Classification and physical characteristics of bound water in loess and its main clay minerals

Haike Wang et al.

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY (2020)

Review Engineering, Environmental

Challenges to Future Development of Spent Lithium Ion Batteries Recovery from Environmental and Technological Perspectives

Jiefeng Xiao et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2020)

Article Engineering, Environmental

De-agglomeration of cathode composites for direct recycling of Li-ion batteries

Ruiting Zhan et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Electrochemical Relithiation for Direct Regeneration of LiCoO2 Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes

Lingen Zhang et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2020)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Fast Determination of Lithium Content in Spent Cathodes for Direct Battery Recycling

Xuemin Li et al.

ADVANCED SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS (2020)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Direct Recycling of Spent NCM Cathodes through Ionothermal Lithiation

Tao Wang et al.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2020)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

A direct recycling case study from a lithium-ion battery recall

Steve Sloop et al.

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Direct Regeneration of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Cathode from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries by the Molten Salts Method

Guanghui Jiang et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2020)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Efficient Direct Recycling of Degraded LiMn2O4 Cathodes by One-Step Hydrothermal Relithiation

Hongpeng Gao et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

The importance of design in lithium ion battery recycling - a critical review

Dana L. Thompson et al.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2020)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

An Effective Relithiation Process for Recycling Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials

Tairan Yang et al.

ADVANCED SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS (2020)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recent advances in the design of cathode materials for Li-ion batteries

Nourhan Mohamed et al.

RSC ADVANCES (2020)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Cathode healing methods for recycling of lithium-ion batteries

Steve E. Sloop et al.

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES (2019)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Supply risks associated with lithium-ion battery materials

Christoph Helbig et al.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2018)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Selective recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries - Process development and kinetics evaluation

Wenfang Gao et al.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2018)

Review Chemistry, Physical

Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: Recent advances and perspectives

Bin Huang et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2018)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Hydrometallurgical Processes for Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Critical Review

Yonglin Yao et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2018)

Article Engineering, Environmental

Recycling metals from lithium ion battery by mechanical separation and vacuum metallurgy

Jiefeng Xiao et al.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2017)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Sustainable Recycling and Regeneration of Cathode Scraps from Industrial Production of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Xiaoxiao Zhang et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2016)

Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Solving spent lithium-ion battery problems in China: Opportunities and challenges

Xianlai Zeng et al.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2015)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Molten salt synthesis and high-performance of nanocrystalline Li-rich cathode materials

Wang ZhenYao et al.

RSC ADVANCES (2014)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

The future of automotive lithium-ion battery recycling: Charting a sustainable course

Linda Gaines

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES (2014)

Article Electrochemistry

Investigation of structural fatigue in spinel electrodes using in situ laser probe beam deflection technique

KY Chung et al.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2002)