Microprobe-XRF Assessment of Nutrient Distribution in Soybean, Cowpea, and Kidney Bean Seeds: A Fabaceae Family Case Study

The present study explored microprobe X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy for quantitative and space-resolved distribution of macro, i.e., potassium (K), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and calcium (Ca), and micronutrients, i.e., iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) elemental composition in the cross-sectioned seeds of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds, which are important agricultural species within the Fabaceae family. It unveils that both macro and micronutrients were heterogeneously distributed across seed tissues. Most of the P and S, Fe, Zn, and Mn were mainly found at the embryo axis tissues in all three Fabaceae species, whereas K was spread along the cotyledon and Ca was mostly observed trapped at the seed coat region. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation coefficient revealed a strong spatial correlation between P and S, and K and S in cowpea and soybean seed tissues, whereas Zn and Mn association was also recorded. Therefore, the mu-XRF technique is an important tool for assessing seed nutrient distribution, thus subsidizing the physiological role of nutrients in seeds and fostering innovative approaches for nutrient supply and biofortification.

Automated summary

The present study used microprobe X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy to investigate the distribution of macro and micronutrients in the seeds of three important agricultural species within the Fabaceae family. The results revealed heterogeneous distribution of nutrients across seed tissues, with different elements concentrated in different regions. The findings highlight the importance of assessing seed nutrient distribution for understanding the physiological role of nutrients and developing innovative approaches for nutrient supply and biofortification.