Nanoscale Measurements of Lithium-Ion-Battery Materials using Scanning Probe Techniques

State-of-the-art scanning probe microscopy (SPM) methods as applied to energy conversion and storage devices, specifically lithium-ion batteries, are reviewed with an emphasis on the electroactive elements. The unique ability of SPM-based methods to provide localized information has proven highly valuable for the in-depth understanding of the fundamental mechanisms, processes, and degradation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). As such, SPM analysis is poised to play a strong role in the competition for new higher performing LIBs, especially given the unprecedented choice and availability of SPM techniques tailored to provide physical and chemical information at the nanoscale.