A researcher's guide to preclinical mouse NASH models

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its inflammatory form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), have quickly risen to become the most prevalent chronic liver disease in the Western world and are risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is not only one of the most common cancers but is also highly lethal. Nevertheless, there are currently no clinically approved drugs for NAFLD, and NASH-induced HCC poses a unique metabolic microenvironment that may influence responsiveness to certain treatments. Therefore, there is an urgent need to better understand the pathogenesis of this rampant disease to devise new therapies. In this line, preclinical mouse models are crucial tools to investigate mechanisms as well as novel treatment modalities during the pathogenesis of NASH and subsequent HCC in preparation for human clinical trials. Although, there are numerous genetically induced, diet-induced and toxin-induced models of NASH, not all of these models faithfully phenocopy and mirror the human pathology very well. In this Perspective, we shed some light onto the most widely used mouse models of NASH and highlight some of the key advantages and disadvantages of the various models with an emphasis on 'Western diets', which are increasingly recognized as some of the best models in recapitulating the human NASH pathology and comorbidities.

Automated summary

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its inflammatory form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), have become the most prevalent chronic liver diseases in the Western world and are risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite the lack of clinically approved drugs for NAFLD, it is crucial to understand the pathogenesis of this disease and develop new therapies. Preclinical mouse models play a crucial role in investigating mechanisms and treatment options for NASH and subsequent HCC. However, not all models accurately replicate the human pathology. This Perspective highlights the advantages and disadvantages of different mouse models, with an emphasis on the use of 'Western diets'.