期刊
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES
卷 543, 期 -, 页码 187-199出版社
INTER-RESEARCH
DOI: 10.3354/meps11593
关键词
Crepipatella; Brooding costs; Embryos; Gastropods; L-lactate; Oxygen uptake; Oxygen debt; Pallial cavity
资金
- Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cientifico y Tecnologico (Fondecyt-Chile) [1100335, 1141052]
Females of the gastropod Crepipatella dilatata brood their egg capsules in the pallial cavity under the shell for several weeks until the offspring hatch as juveniles-but at what cost? In estuaries, brooding females clamp tightly to the substrate during periods of low salinity (< 22 psu), isolating the pallial cavity from the outside environment and potentially limiting the availability of oxygen to developing embryos, as well as to themselves. In this study, non-brooding females maintained normoxic levels in the pallial cavity even after about 30 h of isolation from the surrounding environment, while brooding females showed levels of severe hypoxia in the pallial fluid in as little as 3 h. This oxygen restriction activated an anaerobic pathway identified through L-lactate production both in the female foot and the embryonic tissue. By 72 h, L-lactate levels had increased approximately 122% in both brooding and non-brooding females, and L-lactate concentrations in advanced embryos near to hatching had increased by approximately 200%. However, over time the concentration of lactate did not increase in early embryos. Moreover, prolonged isolation from the surrounding seawater produced a measureable 'oxygen debt' in brooding females, non-brooding females, and encapsulated embryos, with the debt being greater for brooding than non-brooding females. Thus, the isolation of the pallial cavity in response to low salinity surroundings generated a significant energy cost for females and their embryos, a cost that increased as embryonic development progressed.
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