Habitat use by female desert tortoises suggests tradeoffs between resource use and risk avoidance

Animals may select habitat to maximize the benefits of foraging on growth and reproduction, while balancing competing factors like the risk of predation or mortality from other sources. Variation in the distribution of food resources may lead animals to forage at times or in places that carry greater predation risk, with individuals in poor quality habitats expected to take greater risks while foraging. We studied Mojave desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in habitats with variable forage availability to determine if risk aversion in their selection of habitat relative was related to abundance of forage. As a measure of risk, we examined tortoise surface activity and mortality. We also compared tortoise body size and body condition between habitats with ample forage plants and those with less forage plants. Tortoises from low forage habitats selected areas where more annual plants were nutritious herbaceous flowering plants but did not favor areas of greater perennial shrub cover that could shelter them or their burrows. In contrast, tortoises occupying high forage habitats showed no preference for forage characteristics, but used burrows associated with more abundant and larger perennial shrubs. Tortoises in high forage habitats were larger and active above ground more often but did not have better body condition. Mortality was four times higher for females occupying low forage habitat than those in high forage habitat. Our results are consistent with the idea that tortoises may minimize mortality risk where food resources are high, but may accept some tradeoff of greater mortality risk in order to forage optimally when food resources are limiting.

Automated summary

Animals select habitat based on the benefits of foraging and reproduction while considering factors such as predation risk and mortality. Variations in food distribution may cause animals to forage in riskier areas, with individuals in poor quality habitats taking greater risks. In our study of Mojave desert tortoises, we found that individuals in low forage habitats selected areas with more annual plants, while those in high forage habitats showed no preference for forage characteristics. Tortoises in high forage habitats used burrows associated with larger perennial shrubs. Mortality was higher for females in low forage habitats. Our results suggest that tortoises may tradeoff mortality risk to optimize foraging when food resources are limited.