Investigation of pore structure and fractal characteristics of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi shales in western Hunan and Hubei Provinces in China

The pore structure characteristics of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shales collected from western Hunan and Hubei were investigated using high-pressure mercury injection and low temperature N-2 adsorption/desorption experiments. Total organic carbon values, thermal maturity values and mineralogical compositions were also obtained by relevant experimental methods. The TOC value varies from 0.71% to 4.75%, with a mean value of 2.58%, and their thermal maturities have reached the over-mature stage and dry gas generation window. Quartz and clay minerals are the major mineral compositions in the samples. In contrast to previous studies of other shales (Chalmers and Bustin, 2008; Han et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2013), there are no carbonates in the shale samples of this area. Due to their biogenic source, quartz content is positively correlated with TOC values. Pore size distributions obtained from mercury injection experiments were divided into three groups. Samples with higher TOC content always have smaller dominant pore sizes, and the pore sizes of samples with higher clay mineral content and lower TOC values may be larger, with a major peak between 30 nm and 1 mu m. Through analyzing the N-2 adsorption and desorption isotherms, we found that the morphology of pores in the shales rich in organic matter is narrow neck and wide body, and that of those rich in clay minerals is flat-shaped. BJH and DFT models were used to derive pore size distributions using N-2 adsorption data, and both are representative. The differential distribution curves of pore volumes and surface areas show that all shale samples' dominant pore sizes are within the range of micropores and mesopores, and they are the major contributors to pore surface areas, while mesopores and macropores make more significant contributions to pore volumes. The specific surface area calculated by the BET method ranges from 6.12 to 28.42 m(2)/g, with an average value of 16.14 m(2)/g, and the total pore volume varies from 0.0105 to 0.0338 cm(3)/g, with a mean value of 0.0213 cm(3)/g. The correlational analysis between pore structure parameters and TOC value, quartz and clay mineral content indicates that organic matter and quartz are positively associated with the micropores and fine mesopores, though larger pores can also exist in organic matter, and clay minerals play an important role in mesopores and macropores generation. Due to the infeasibility of using mercury porosimetry data to obtain fractal dimensions, DQ calculated from N-2 adsorption data are used, its value ranges from 2.6353 to 2.7694, with an average value of 2.7284. As we know, the more micropores contained in the shale, the more complex the pore structure will be, and as a result, the fractal dimension will be larger. Therefore, organic matter and quartz positively influence fractal dimension, and there is a negative relationship between clay mineral content and fractal dimension. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.