MnO nanoparticles with cationic vacancies and discrepant crystallinity dispersed into porous carbon for Li-ion capacitors

MnO nanoparticles with cationic vacancies and discrepant crystallinity were prepared through a one-step hydrothermal synthesis followed by calcination at different temperatures. Glucose was used as both a reducing agent to introduce cationic vacancies with a content of similar to 5.5% into MnO nanocrystals, and a carbon source to encapsulate MnO nanocrystals in a three dimensional porous framework. Cationic vacancies benefit phase transition in a conversion reaction, and together with a low degree of crystallinity, may also provide more void spaces for ion diffusion (3.37 x 10(-13) cm(2) s(-1)). Three dimensional porous carbon with a pore volume of 0.27 cm(3) g(-1) demonstrated a high electrical conductivity of 6.25 S cm(-1) and offered fast pathways for charge transfer and penetration of the electrolyte. Such a synergistic structure endowed MnO with excellent electrochemical properties including a considerably enhanced capacity of 650 mA h g(-1) at a current density of 1000 mA g(-1). Li ion capacitors based on such a MnO anode and activated carbon cathode achieved the maximum energy density of 220 W h kg(-1), and the capacitance retention was 95.3% after 3600 cycles at a rate of 5000 mA g(-1).