Larvicidal and insecticidal effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum oil (pure and nanostructured) against mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) and its possible environmental effects

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of larva and adult forms of Alphitobius diaperinus treated with cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) essential oil on its free form, nanoemulsion (NE), and nanocapsule (NC), as well as the effect of these treatments on the edaphic fauna using springtails of Folsomia candida (ISO) as a model. The tests with larvae and adults were performed using 1, 5, and 10% of the cinnamon essential oil, and 0.5, 1, and 5% of NE and NC containing 5% of cinnamon essential oil. To validate the test, three controls were used: only oil diluent (Triton), blank nanoemulsion (without oil) and blank nanocapsule (without oil). Cinnamon essential oil at 5 and 10% caused mortality in larva and adult forms of A. diaperinus. The NE (1%) and NC (5%) caused mortality in both phases of A. diaperinus life cycle. After these promising findings, more studies were conducted to verify the ecotoxicological effect of the cinnamon oil. For this, a Tropical Artificial Soil (TAS) was used with different doses of Cirinamon oil, NE and NC, using springtails of-F. candida. The use of cinnamon oil, even in very low concentration's (25 mg kg(-1)), on its original form significantly affected springtails survival and reproduction. However, the nanostructuring process seemed to minimize this toxic effect without affecting its insecticidal action. In summary, the pure oil and NE containing cinnamon oil showed effect against A. diaperinus, and may be considered an alternative to control this infestation. (C) 2016 Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.