Outstanding long cycle stability provide by bismuth doped Na3V2(PO4)(3) enwrapped with carbon nanotubes cathode for sodium-ion batteries

Na3V2(PO4)(3) (NVP), possessing good ionic conduction properties and high voltage plateau, has been deemed as the most prospective material for sodium ion batteries. However, the weak intrinsic electronic conductivity has hindered its further commercialization. Herein, an ingenious strategy of Bi(3+ )substitution at V(3+ )site in NVP system is proposed. The ionic radius of Bi3+ is slightly larger than that of V3+, which can further expand the crystal structure inside the NVP, thus accelerating the migration of Na+. Meanwhile, the appropriate amount of carbon coating and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) enwrapping construct an effective three-dimensional network, which provides a conductive framework for electronic transfer. Furthermore, the introduction of CNTs also inhibit the agglomeration of active grains during the sintering process, reducing the particle size and shortening the diffusion path of Na+. Comprehensively, the conductivity, ionic diffusion ability and structural stability of the modified Na3V2-xBix(PO4)(3)/C@CNTs (0 = x = 0.05) sample are significantly improved. The Na3V1.97-Bi-0.03(PO4)(3)/C@CNTs sample obtains a reversible capacity of 97.8 mAh g+1 at 12C and maintains a value of 80.6 mAh g(-1) after 9000 ultra-long cycles. As for the super high rate at 80C, it exhibits a high capacity of 84.34 mAh g(-1) and retains a capacity of 73.34 mAh g(-1) after 6000 cycles. The superior electrochemical performance is derived from the enhancement of the crystal structure by Bi3+ doping and the highly conductive network consisting of carbon coating layers and enwrapped CNTs.

Automated summary

In this study, an ingenious strategy of Bi3+ substitution and the construction of a highly conductive network with carbon coating layers and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were proposed in Na3V2(PO4)3 material, significantly improving its conductivity and structural stability. The modified material exhibited high capacity and cycle stability at high rates.