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Article
Infectious Diseases
Adeleke Fowokan et al.
Summary: The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in people living with HIV compared to a matched HIV-negative cohort. Using data from the British Columbia COVID-19 Cohort, the study found that the vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection was 71.1% seven to 59 days after two doses, increasing to 89.3% between 60 and 89 days. However, noticeable waning was observed, with effectiveness dropping to 51.3% after 4-6 months.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Owen Ngalamika et al.
Summary: Compared the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell and humoral immune responses between HIV-positive and HIV-negative convalescent individuals, it was found that HIV-positive individuals had significantly higher T cell responses to NMO and spike at baseline compared to HIV-negative individuals, but the T cell responses became comparable between the two groups at follow-up. There was no difference in SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immune responses between HIV-negative and HIV-positive individuals.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Review
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Jana L. Jacobs et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to unexpected evolution and emergence of SARS-CoV-2 viral variants. Five major variants (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron) have emerged, each with unique and overlapping amino acid substitutions that impact transmissibility, disease severity, and susceptibility to immune responses and monoclonal antibodies. Some recent variants exhibit immune evasion properties, particularly in cases of prolonged infection. Tracking existing variants and surveilling new ones are crucial for effective pandemic response.
ANNUAL REVIEW OF MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Tongai G. Maponga et al.
Summary: A 22-year-old woman with uncontrolled advanced HIV infection was persistently infected with the SARS-CoV-2 beta variant for 9 months, accumulating over 20 additional mutations. Antiretroviral therapy effectively suppressed HIV and cleared SARS-CoV-2 within 6 to 9 weeks. Increased vigilance is necessary to benefit individuals and prevent the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Hope R. Lapointe et al.
Summary: HIV patients with well-controlled viral loads on antiretroviral therapy and preserved CD4(+) T-cell counts have strong antibody responses to 2- and 3-dose COVID-19 vaccination, including Omicron. Third doses show enhanced immune benefits.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Shi-Hsia Hwa et al.
Summary: HIV viremia is associated with reduced neutralization against the Beta variant of SARS-CoV-2. HIV suppression is crucial for maintaining an effective neutralizing response to SARS-CoV-2.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Evolutionary Biology
Cameron A. Smith et al.
Summary: This study investigates the role of immunocompromised individuals in the evolution of COVID-19 variants. It finds that immunocompromised hosts may play a crucial role in the emergence of immune escape variants. Targeted treatment and surveillance could prevent the emergence of new variants.
EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Roanne Keeton et al.
Summary: This study compares the presence and frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell and IgG antibody responses in 190 individuals with different SARS-CoV-2 exposure histories. The results show that repeated exposure to SARS-CoV-2 increases the number of T cells, but has less impact on the frequency of circulating SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells. Furthermore, the number and nature of exposures have a greater effect on the immune response, with hybrid immunity displaying a higher polyfunctional potential in spike-specific CD4 T cells compared to vaccination only. These findings are important for developing optimal vaccine strategies to enhance immune responses as the pandemic progresses.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Ferdinand W. N. M. Wit et al.
Summary: In this study, the occurrence and risk factors for severe COVID-19 outcomes in people with HIV (PWH) in the Netherlands were investigated. The study found that uncontrolled HIV replication, low CD4(+) cell count, and prior AIDS diagnosis were independent risk factors for severe COVID-19 outcomes, regardless of general risk factors such as age, comorbidity burden, and migration from non-Western countries.
Review
Immunology
Alessandro Sette et al.
Summary: A substantial amount of evidence from the past two and a half years has shown the significant roles T cells play in SARS-CoV-2 infection and post-vaccination. Infection or vaccination triggers multi-epitope CD4 and CD8 T cell responses with polyfunctionality. Early T cell responses are associated with mild COVID-19 outcomes. Alongside animal model data, these findings suggest that while antibody responses are crucial in preventing infection, T cell responses also contribute to reducing disease severity and controlling infection. T cell memory following vaccination lasts for at least six months. Although SARS-CoV-2 variants affect neutralizing antibody responses, most CD4 and CD8 T cell responses are preserved. This review highlights the extensive progress made, as well as the remaining data and knowledge gaps, in understanding T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 vaccines.
ANNUAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Paul Loubet et al.
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the 1-month humoral response to two or three doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in specific populations compared with healthy adults. The results showed a lower humoral response in the specific populations. However, the third dose of the vaccine had a positive effect on the immune response.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION
(2023)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Isabela Killander Moller et al.
Summary: A nationwide cohort study was conducted to assess the outcome of hospitalized COVID-19 patients by HIV status. The study found that HIV was not a risk factor for developing severe COVID-19 in hospitalized patients.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Hiam Chemaitelly et al.
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of COVID-19 mRNA boosters in individuals with different immune histories and clinical vulnerability profiles. The data showed that the booster vaccine provided 26.2% effectiveness against infection and 75.1% effectiveness against severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19 during a 1-year follow-up period. The effectiveness was particularly significant in individuals who were clinically vulnerable to severe COVID-19.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Clark D. Russell et al.
Article
Immunology
Reshma Kassanjee et al.
Summary: This study examined the association between HIV severity and COVID-19 mortality in South Africa, and found that suboptimal HIV control was strongly associated with higher mortality. Vaccination was found to be protective against mortality. The presence of comorbidities was also associated with higher mortality.
JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIDS SOCIETY
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Qian Zhou et al.
Summary: CD4 T-cell counts are associated with seroconversion in COVID-19 vaccinated people living with HIV (PLWH). Patients with high CD4 T-cell counts have a 4.6-fold higher rate of seroconversion compared to those with low CD4 T-cell counts, while patients receiving mRNA COVID-19 vaccines have a 17.5-fold higher rate of seroconversion compared to those receiving other types of vaccines.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Tomokazu Tamura et al.
Summary: XBB is the first recombinant variant of SARS-CoV-2 that has become globally dominant. Through virological studies, it has been shown that XBB improves its fitness through recombination rather than substitutions. XBB emerged in the summer of 2022 through the recombination of two circulating BA.2 lineages, BJ.1 and BM.1.1.1. It is highly resistant to breakthrough infections and exhibits increased fusogenicity.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Immunology
David S. Khoury et al.
Summary: Multiple studies have demonstrated a correlation between neutralizing antibody levels and protection from COVID-19, estimating the relationship between the two. However, estimates of the required level of neutralizing antibodies for protection vary across these studies. By normalizing antibody titers, it has been found that there is a consistent relationship between antibody levels and protection from COVID-19. This finding is crucial for future vaccine planning, assessing population immunity, and mitigating the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Jacopo Polvere et al.
Summary: Polvere et al. investigated B cell responses in people living with HIV who received SARS-CoV-2 vaccination while undergoing anti-retroviral therapy. They found that spike-specific humoral and B cell responses persisted for at least six months, although there were differences in antibody functionality and memory B cell phenotypes compared to healthy controls.
COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Nolan Hassold et al.
Summary: This study analyzed the seroconversion rates and antibody titers in people with HIV (PWH) and impaired CD4(+) T-cell counts after receiving two doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The results showed that PWH with CD4(+) T-cell counts less than 500 cells/μl had significantly lower seroconversion rates and antibody titers compared to those with counts greater than 500 cells/μl, suggesting the need for targeted vaccine strategies in this population.
Article
Immunology
Tom Ketels et al.
Summary: Our case demonstrates a prolonged COVID-19 infection in a patient with undiagnosed HIV with severely impaired cellular immunity.
AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: T cell responses induced by different vaccine platforms cross-recognize early SARS-CoV-2 variants, while memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies show significant decreases. The majority of memory T cell responses are preserved against variants, with lower recognition of Omicron by memory B cells.
Article
Microbiology
Sandile Cele et al.
Summary: Characterizing the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an individual with advanced HIV disease in South Africa, this study found that the evolved virus showed immune escape of vaccines and enhanced escape of Delta immunity. This suggests that immune-compromised hosts may play a significant role in the evolution of the virus.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Matthew A. Spinelli et al.
Summary: Following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, people living with HIV had lower neutralizing antibody response and a trend toward lower IgG response, especially among those with lower CD4(+) T-cell counts and who received the BNT162b2 vaccine. Further study is needed to understand the impact of supplemental vaccine doses among PLWH.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Susan Meiring et al.
Summary: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) shedding duration did not significantly differ by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Among a subset of persons with high initial SARS-CoV-2 viral load, immunocompromised persons living with HIV shed SARS-CoV-2 at higher viral loads for a longer duration, potentially increasing their transmission period.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Michele Spinicci et al.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Jessica J. Tuan et al.
Summary: The study implies that completing a two-dose series of the BNT162b2 vaccine is crucial for people living with HIV, as there were suboptimal seroconversion rates after the first dose, but significantly improved rates after the second dose.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Nils Jedicke et al.
Summary: The study assessed the humoral immune response in PLHIV after mRNA vaccination against COVID-19, showing robust immune responses in the majority of PLWH receiving antiretroviral therapy, regardless of their CD4 cell nadir, current CD4 count, or CD4:CD8 ratio.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Sebastian Noe et al.
Summary: This study found a strong antibody response in people living with HIV after receiving standard vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccination including an mRNA vaccine, being female, and having a higher CD4 cell count were significantly associated with higher antibody concentrations in people living with HIV.
Article
Immunology
Zhengchao Lv et al.
Summary: HIV-positive individuals display weaker responses to inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, characterized by lower levels of neutralizing antibodies, possibly due to the low number of CD4 and B cells. This suggests that HIV-infected individuals may require additional doses or dose adjustment.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Rhys D. Wenlock et al.
Summary: The case describes a 30-year-old care home employee diagnosed with COVID-19 and untreated acute HIV-1, who was unable to return to work for 119 days due to concerns over transmission risk as his SARS-CoV-2 PCR results remained detectable. This highlights the uncertainty in interpreting SARS-CoV-2 PCR results post-infection in acute untreated HIV cases.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STD & AIDS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Lesley S. Park et al.
Summary: This study analyzed the testing and positivity rates of SARS-CoV-2 among HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals in six diverse cohorts across the United States. The results showed that HIV-positive individuals had higher testing rates, but there was no evidence of increased positivity compared to HIV-negative individuals in the clinical cohorts.
JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Line Dam Heftdal et al.
Summary: This study found reduced IgG antibody response to the BNT162b2 vaccine in people with HIV, highlighting the need for increased awareness of breakthrough infections in this population.
JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Virology
Eugenio Milano et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of the BNT162b2 vaccine in people living with HIV infection. The results showed that the vaccine regimen was immunogenic and well-tolerated in this population, with the majority of patients developing positive titer antibodies. No severe adverse events were reported.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Paul Moss
Summary: T cell immunity plays a central role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection, with early responses correlating with protection. T cell memory provides broad recognition of viral proteins, limiting the impact of viral variants and offering protection against severe disease. Current COVID-19 vaccines elicit robust T cell responses, contributing to the prevention of hospitalization or death. Therefore, the importance of T cell immunity may have been underestimated.
Review
Immunology
Michael S. Diamond et al.
Summary: Kanneganti and Diamond review the crucial role of innate immunity in controlling and immunopathology of COVID-19. They discuss how the innate immune system detects and responds to SARS-CoV-2, which can help identify targeted therapeutic approaches to mitigate severe diseases and improve patient outcomes.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Lisa M. Dunkle et al.
Summary: The NVX-CoV2373 vaccine has shown to be safe and highly effective in preventing Covid-19, with a vaccine efficacy of 90.4% against reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction-confirmed cases and 100% efficacy against moderate-to-severe disease. The vaccine also demonstrated high efficacy against various variants of the virus.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
J. Sadoff et al.
Summary: The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine was found to be 52.9% effective against moderate to severe-critical Covid-19 after a single dose, with protection lasting for at least 6 months. Efficacy varied depending on the Covid-19 variant, but higher protection was observed against severe cases, medical intervention, and death compared to other outcomes.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Virology
Xiaojie Huang et al.
Summary: This study compared the immunogenicity of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines between people living with HIV (PLWH) and HIV-negative individuals. The results showed that PLWH had lower neutralizing activity, total antibody, S-IgG, and T-cell-specific immune response levels compared to HIV-negative individuals. Specific vaccination guidelines should be developed for PLWH.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Jing Sun et al.
Summary: The study revealed that full vaccination was associated with reduced risk of COVID-19 breakthrough infection, regardless of the immune status of patients. Despite full vaccination, persons with immune dysfunction had substantially higher risk for COVID-19 breakthrough infection than those without such a condition. Continued use of nonpharmaceutical interventions (eg, mask wearing) and alternative vaccine strategies (eg, additional doses or immunogenicity testing) are recommended for persons with immune dysfunction after full vaccination.
JAMA INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Vera Portillo et al.
Summary: This study assesses the immunological response and virological control of mRNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 in people living with HIV. The study found that all participants developed antibodies after the first and second doses, with minor impact on HIV-1 RNA levels over a 6-month period.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Ane Ogbe et al.
Summary: The duration of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination in people living with HIV (PWH) is unclear. A substudy of the COV002 trial was conducted on 54 HIV-positive male participants who received two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222). The study showed that immune responses were greater than baseline but declined after 6 months. However, there was no significant difference compared with HIV-uninfected individuals who received the same vaccine. Responses to the variants of concern were detectable but lower. Cross-reactive T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were associated with stronger post-vaccine immunity.
Article
Microbiology
Hortensia Alvarez et al.
Summary: This study reports a severely immunosuppressed individual with HIV-1/SARS-CoV-2 co-infection and a long-term course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Despite the presence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, adaptive intra-host evolution was not identified. Spike-specific T-cell response protected against severe COVID-19, while increased immunological exhaustion markers may have favored SARS-CoV-2 persistence.
Letter
Immunology
Xinling Xu et al.
Summary: Our clinical trial involving 90 HIV-infected individuals on antiviral treatment demonstrated that the SARS-COV-2 mRNA vaccine resulted in a high seroconversion rate and significant levels of spike IgG antibodies after two doses. The vaccine was well tolerated and did not cause HIV RNA blips. However, HIV patients exhibited lower levels of spike IgG antibodies compared to healthy controls, particularly among those with baseline HIV RNA levels exceeding 50 copies/ml.
Article
Immunology
Jumari Snyman et al.
Summary: This study in Durban, South Africa, found similar antibody responses and neutralization potency against SARS-CoV-2 in people living with HIV and those without HIV, indicating that natural COVID-19 infections may confer comparable antibody immunity in these groups.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Bezawit A. Woldemeskel et al.
Summary: Past studies have shown that some vaccines do not elicit optimal responses in individuals living with HIV. However, this study demonstrates that the BNT162b2 vaccine induces robust immune responses in these patients comparable to those in healthy donors.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Benjamin Speich et al.
Summary: This randomized trial compared the efficacy of Pfizer-BioNTech's BNT162b2 and Moderna's mRNA-1273 vaccines in immunocompromised patients. The results showed that the antibody response of mRNA-1273 was noninferior to BNT162b2, but a high proportion of transplant recipients had no antibody response.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Andrea Antinori et al.
Summary: The study found that immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in HIV patients was comparable to HIV-negative population when CD4 T-cell count was above 500/mm³, but significantly poorer when below 500/mm³.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Anna C. Riddell et al.
Summary: This article describes three patients with advanced HIV-1 and chronic SARS-CoV-2 infection, showing evidence of selection and persistence of novel mutations associated with increased transmissibility and immune escape.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
M. Elvira Balcells et al.
Summary: Different immunocompromising conditions significantly reduce the immune response to CoronaVac vaccine. These findings suggest the need to consider booster vaccination strategies in these vulnerable patients.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Anais Corma-Gomez et al.
Summary: The study aimed to assess the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines among people living with HIV after a complete vaccination scheme, and predictors of seroconversion. Results showed that HIV-related immunosuppression impairs antibody response to the vaccines, and specific vaccination schemes should be tailored in this setting, particularly in patients with CD4 cell counts < 200 cells/mL. It was also found that receiving mRNA-vectored COVID-19 vaccines and having CD4 counts >= 350 cells/mm(3) were independently associated with a higher probability of response to vaccination.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION
(2022)
Article
Virology
Shaohang Cai et al.
Summary: This study aimed to analyze the efficacy and safety of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in people living with HIV (PLWH). The results showed that PLWH had lower levels of specific SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies compared to the control group. Multivariable analysis indicated that IgG seropositivity in PLWH was independently associated with CD4+ T cells at IgG detection and time after vaccination. The neutralizing antibody titers and seropositive rates against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and Delta variants were similar between PLWH and the control group. The study concluded that the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine is safe and immunogenic in Chinese PLWH.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Linda-Gail Bekker et al.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Cheryl Cohen et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the burden and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in one rural and one urban community in South Africa, finding that over 60% of individuals were infected by the end of follow-up, with 85.3% of infections being asymptomatic. Household transmission of beta and delta variants likely contributed to successive waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Roanne Keeton et al.
Summary: Despite reduced neutralizing antibody activity, T cell responses induced by vaccination or infection can cross-recognize the Omicron variant and provide protection.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Glenda Gray et al.
Summary: The effectiveness of two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine in South Africa against the omicron variant was assessed. Both vaccines provided a high level of protection against severe Covid-19.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Lauriane Nault et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the immunogenicity of an mRNA anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in HIV-positive individuals. The results showed that HIV-positive individuals with CD4 counts over 250 cells/mm(3) had a similar antibody response to the general population. However, HIV-positive individuals with the lowest CD4 counts (<250 cells/mm(3)) had a weaker response and may require a booster dose. Increasing age was independently associated with decreased immunogenicity.
Article
Virology
Katja G. Schmidt et al.
Summary: This study investigated the immune response to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in HIV-1(+) patients on antiretroviral therapy. The results showed that although the vaccine induced SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in HIV-1-infected patients, the neutralization activity and antibody levels were lower compared to HIV-1-uninfected subjects.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Laura Perez-Alos et al.
Summary: This study examines the dynamics of immunological markers after the first dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in a cohort of healthcare professionals in Denmark. The results suggest that natural infection leads to higher antibody responses, and the decline of IgG levels varies depending on factors such as age, sex, T-cell response, previous infection, and interval between vaccine doses.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Chiara Agrati et al.
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics and persistence of immune response in Health Care Workers who received the BNT162b2-mRNA vaccine. The vaccine induced both humoral and cell-mediated immune response, with the cell-mediated response persisting longer. The study also found a correlation between cellular and humoral response, suggesting coordinated immunity.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Amalio Telenti et al.
Summary: The study of the genetics and evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has played a crucial role in our understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic, providing real-time tracking of its global spread and adaptations to the human population. The virus has shown high transmissibility and has evolved new variants optimized for human-to-human transmission. Understanding the genetic makeup of the virus and its interactions with the human host is important for predicting and responding to new variants, as well as informing vaccine development.
COLD SPRING HARBOR PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Ling Ao et al.
Summary: In this prospective observational study, it was found that inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were well-tolerated in immunocompromised HIV patients but had low immunogenicity. Therefore, HIV patients, especially those with low CD4 counts, should be prioritized for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and booster doses.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Matthijs Oyaert et al.
Summary: Immunocompromised patients may show variable immune responses to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, and the delay in humoral or cellular immune responses depends on the patient group, therapy, and individual risk factors.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Yehua Wang et al.
Summary: People living with HIV (PLWH) face an increased risk of mortality if infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, they have a comparable risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 symptoms compared to individuals without HIV. Therefore, it is important to strengthen COVID-19 prevention and clinical management among PLWH while sustaining the HIV care continuum.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Irfaan Maan et al.
Summary: This case study reports a HIV-positive patient who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 for 164 days. The prolonged positive tests led to extended self-isolation, impacting the patient's physical and mental health.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Silvia Bertagnolio et al.
Summary: This study assessed the risk of severe presentation and in-hospital mortality for people living with HIV hospitalized with COVID-19. The results showed that HIV infection was associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19 at admission and higher mortality rates. Male sex, age 45-75 years, chronic cardiac disease or hypertension were identified as risk factors for severe COVID-19 among people living with HIV, while male sex, age older than 18 years, diabetes, hypertension, malignancy, tuberculosis, or chronic kidney disease increased the risk of in-hospital death. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) and viral load suppression were associated with a reduced risk of poor outcomes, but HIV infection remained a risk factor regardless of ART and viral load suppression status.
Article
Immunology
Shabir A Madhi et al.
Article
Immunology
Luba Tau et al.
Summary: A study conducted at Tel-Aviv Medical Center showed that the humoral immune response of people with HIV (PWH) after receiving the BNT162b2 mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine was comparable to that of healthcare workers (HCWs). There was no difference in cellular immune response between vaccinated PWH, convalescent PWH, and vaccinated HCWs.
OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Zabrina L. Brumme et al.
Summary: This study suggests that people living with HIV who have well-controlled viral loads and CD4+ T-cell counts in a healthy range generally have strong humoral responses to dual COVID-19 vaccination. Factors such as age, comorbidities, vaccine brand, response durability, and the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants will impact when individuals with HIV will benefit from additional vaccine doses.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Maria L. Alcaide et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in individuals with and without HIV, and found an association between HIV status and age in antibody response.
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Eisuke Adachi et al.
Summary: This case report highlights the occurrence of prolonged COVID-19 and persistent viral shedding in patients with severe cellular immunodeficiency, possibly due to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, and demonstrates the effectiveness of sotrovimab monoclonal antibody therapy.
Article
Immunology
Michael J. Peluso et al.
Summary: This study found that people with HIV (PWH) and HIV-negative individuals have similar SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T-cell responses. However, PWH had lower levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD8(+) T cells and higher levels of PD-1+ SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4(+) T cells. The CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio was associated with PD-1 expression on SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cells. HIV status strongly predicted the presence of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) and certain inflammatory markers were associated with persistent symptoms.
Article
Immunology
Valerie Pourcher et al.
Summary: This study assessed the humoral responses to the SARS-CoV-2 Delta-variant in people with HIV after BNT162b2 vaccination. The results showed high seroconversion rates and comparable neutralization rates against the Delta variant as compared to the D61G strain.
Article
Virology
Emilie Burel et al.
Summary: A hybrid genome of B.1.160 and Alpha variants of SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from a lymphoma patient, representing a case of genetic recombination in real life. The analysis of sequential samples decoded the steps of recombination, highlighting the importance of genomic surveillance in patients coinfected with different variants of SARS-CoV-2 and other RNA viruses in order to prevent the emergence of new viruses.
Article
Virology
Alessandra Vergori et al.
Summary: The study aimed to describe the clinical and immunological outcomes of advanced HIV patients with a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. The results suggest that HIV infection does not negatively impact COVID-19-related inflammatory state and immunity.
Article
Biology
Thandeka Nkosi et al.
Summary: Unsuppressed HIV infection severely impairs T cell responses to COVID-19 and diminishes T cell cross-recognition. This may partly explain the increased susceptibility of people living with HIV to severe COVID-19 and highlights their vulnerability to emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
Article
Immunology
Owen Ngalamika et al.
Summary: This study investigated factors affecting SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in individuals with HIV-associated KS. The findings suggest that low CD4 counts are associated with lower T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2, while cancer chemotherapy and KS T staging do not significantly affect these responses.
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Giuliana Favara et al.
Summary: This study found no difference in the risk of death between people living with HIV and HIV-seronegative individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. Further research is needed to better understand the impact of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV co-infection.
JOURNAL OF GLOBAL HEALTH
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Sally B. Coburn et al.
Summary: This study aims to estimate the rate and risk of breakthrough infections among fully vaccinated people with HIV (PWH) and people without HIV (PWoH) in the United States. The results showed that PWH had a higher risk of breakthrough infections compared with PWoH. Therefore, the expansion of recommendations for additional vaccine doses to all PWH should be considered.
Review
Immunology
Antonio Bertoletti et al.
Summary: This review summarizes the evidence supporting the role of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in disease protection and analyzes the different factors that may influence the magnitude, function, and anatomical localization of these T cells, as well as their impact on protecting the host from severe COVID-19 development.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Erika Giorgia Quaranta et al.
Summary: Chronic infection in immunocompromised individuals may lead to the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants with immune evasion properties.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Susana Benet et al.
Summary: This study investigated the immune responses in HIV patients after receiving SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. The results showed that one-third of HIV patients with CD4(+) T-cell counts <200/mu L had low antibody levels, reduced neutralization activity, and no vaccine-induced T-cell immune responses.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Alessandra Vergori et al.
Summary: HIV-infected individuals showed a strong humoral response after the third dose of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, while their cell-mediated immunity remained stable. This study highlights the usefulness of a third vaccine dose in people living with HIV who are on suppressive antiretroviral therapy.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Biology
Robert Krause et al.
Summary: HIV infection dysregulates the B cell response to SARS-CoV-2, leading to reduced memory B cell activity and impaired antibody response. HIV-positive individuals exhibit differences in B cell response compared to HIV-negative individuals, including reduced germinal center activity and class-switching response, as well as increased extrafollicular activity.
Article
Immunology
Marta Sistere-Oro et al.
Summary: This study describes the immune responses of HIV-infected individuals after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. While some HIV patients showed insufficient immune responses, booster vaccination resulted in virus-specific response, indicating that even non-responders can be efficiently vaccinated against COVID-19.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Jillian L. Peters et al.
Summary: This case study discusses the prolonged infection of a patient with AIDS infected with a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant for more than 80 days. The variant had mutations not found in other Delta viruses in the hospital. Prolonged infection in immunosuppressed individuals may result in the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 lineages.
OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Vladimir A. Gushchin et al.
Summary: This paper provides a preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of Sputnik V vaccine in HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy. The study suggests that Sputnik V immunization has epidemiological efficiency in preventing hospitalization and moderate or severe disease in HIV-positive individuals, including those infected with the delta variant of SARS-CoV-2.
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Lucian Giubelan et al.
Summary: The aim of this paper is to report a case of a newly diagnosed HIV-infected patient with severe immunosuppression who also contracted COVID-19 and had a long duration of positive RT-PCR results for RNA SARS-CoV-2. Indirect evidence suggests that viable virus persisted for a prolonged period in the absence of sufficient host defenses. Improvements in immune function following antiretroviral treatment did not result in an increased inflammatory response to the coronavirus infection and appeared to be the main factor in controlling the infection. Remdesivir, used to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection, did not have an immediate effect on the recorded cycle-threshold.
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Andrea Lombardi et al.
Summary: This study assessed the immunogenicity of the mRNA-1273 vaccine in people living with HIV (PLWHIV). The results showed that in PLWHIV with well-controlled ART, viral suppression, and CD4+ T cell count, inoculation with the mRNA-1273 vaccine produced detectable antibody response, similar to individuals without HIV infection.
LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-EUROPE
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Brian J. Laidlaw et al.
Summary: The GC response is crucial in establishing durable and broad immunity against SARS-CoV-2, with emerging evidence suggesting new approaches to modulate GC response and long-term immune responses induced by vaccines. Importantly, GC B cell responses persist for at least 6 months in some individuals following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Yanmeng Feng et al.
Summary: In this study, it was found that the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine was safe and immunogenic in HIV-1 infected individuals who are stable on cART. Participants did not experience significant adverse reactions after vaccination. Interestingly, HIV-infected individuals with low baseline CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cell ratios exhibited lower antibody responses post-vaccination compared to those with higher ratios.
Article
Immunology
Jiao Huang et al.
Summary: This study aimed to describe the epidemiological, virological, and serological features of COVID-19 cases among people living with HIV. The incidence, case-severity, and case-fatality rates of COVID-19 in PLWH were comparable to those in the entire population in Wuhan. Efforts are needed to continue antiretroviral treatment for elderly PLWH aged 50 years or above during the COVID-19 epidemic.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Dima Dandachi et al.
Summary: The study found that people living with HIV have a higher risk of severe outcomes from COVID-19, especially those with older age, chronic lung disease, hypertension, and lower CD4 cell counts. Antiretroviral therapy and viral suppression did not have a significant impact on the outcomes examined.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Andrew Boulle et al.
Summary: In South Africa, living with HIV and having current tuberculosis were independently associated with increased COVID-19 mortality. These findings highlight the impact of these two diseases on COVID-19 risk and demonstrate the associations between age, sex, and other comorbidities with COVID-19 mortality.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Darpun Sachdev et al.
Summary: In San Francisco, people living with HIV had a higher susceptibility to COVID-19 during the first 6 months of the pandemic, but clinical outcomes were similar to those without HIV. Homelessness and higher rates of congregate living situations likely contributed to this disparity, highlighting the need for special efforts to house marginalized individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic.
JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Ji Hoon Baang et al.
Summary: This case illustrates challenges in managing immunocompromised hosts with chronic COVID-19, who may act as persistent shedders and sources of transmission. The patient's lack of seroconversion and prolonged course highlight the importance of humoral immunity in resolving viral infections.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.
Summary: Severe cases of COVID-19 show increased inflammatory markers, lymphopenia, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and high antibody levels. High neutralization potency is a predictor of survival. Patient sera can neutralize different strains, indicating cross-protection from reinfection.
Article
Immunology
Viraj V. Patel et al.
Summary: People living with HIV (PLWH) hospitalized with COVID-19 have a higher risk of intubation compared to those without HIV, with significantly increased rates of intubation and death among virally unsuppressed PLWH. Inflammatory marker levels were elevated in PLWH with poor viral suppression.
JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Anthony T. Tan et al.
Summary: This study found that early induction of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secreting SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells was present in patients with mild disease and accelerated viral clearance, while rapid induction and quantity of humoral responses were associated with an increase in disease severity. These findings highlight the importance of early functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in both vaccine design and immune monitoring.
Article
Microbiology
Jian Zhang et al.
Summary: COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, and the majority of convalescent individuals maintain neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Those who experienced severe COVID-19 had higher levels of neutralizing antibodies, a faster increase in lymphocyte counts, and a higher frequency of CXCR3(+) T-follicular help cells.
NATURE MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Editorial Material
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Nokukhanya Msomi et al.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Ann R. Falsey et al.
Summary: The clinical trial in the United States, Chile, and Peru showed that the AZD1222 vaccine was both safe and effective in preventing symptomatic and severe Covid-19 cases, with an overall estimated efficacy of 74% and a higher efficacy of 83.5% in participants 65 years of age or older. The high vaccine efficacy was consistent across various demographic subgroups, and antibodies increased significantly after each dose.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Einav G. Levin et al.
Summary: A study in Israel revealed that waning immunity after receiving two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine led to an increase in the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Levels of spike-binding IgG and neutralizing antibodies decreased more significantly in men, individuals aged 65 or older, and immunosuppressed individuals in a longitudinal study involving nearly 4000 healthcare workers.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Hassan Tarhini et al.
Summary: This study describes the clinical evolutions and viral mutations of 3 deeply immunocompromised patients, revealing prolonged infectious viral shedding in some cases. Understanding the mechanisms and frequency of prolonged infectiousness is crucial for optimizing isolation policies.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Merryn Voysey et al.
Summary: The AZD1222 vaccine has been approved for emergency use in the UK with an interval of 4-12 weeks between doses. Analysis shows that the vaccine is efficacious with two doses and provides immunoprotection after the first dose before the second dose is administered.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Steven A. Kemp et al.
Summary: Chronic infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to viral evolution and increased resistance to neutralizing antibodies in immunosuppressed individuals treated with convalescent plasma. During convalescent plasma therapy, there were significant shifts in the viral population structure and sensitivity, suggesting strong selection pressure on the virus during treatment.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Rishi R. Goel et al.
Summary: This study found that immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and its variants remains robust for at least 6 months after mRNA vaccination, with antibodies declining but still detectable in most individuals. mRNA vaccines also induced functional memory B cells and antigen-specific T cells, with recall responses primarily increasing antibody levels in individuals with preexisting immunity.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Aljawharah Alrubayyi et al.
Summary: The majority of people living with HIV on ART have detectable adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, with comparable humoral and T cell responses to HIV-negative subjects. T cell responses against Spike, Membrane and Nucleoprotein are prominent in both groups, with CD4 T cells outnumbering CD8 T cells. The magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses is related to the size of the naive CD4 T cell pool and the CD4:CD8 ratio in people living with HIV, potentially impacting vaccine effectiveness and individual management.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
James M. Tesoriero et al.
Summary: This cohort study conducted in New York State found that persons living with diagnosed HIV had poorer outcomes related to COVID-19 compared to persons living without diagnosed HIV. Previous HIV diagnosis was associated with higher rates of severe disease requiring hospitalization, and hospitalization risk increased with progression of HIV disease stage.
Article
Immunology
Ghady Haidar et al.
Summary: Recent case studies have shown that immunocompromised individuals are at risk for prolonged SARS-CoV-2 replication, viral evolution, and poor clinical outcomes. The immunologic determinants of this risk, optimal treatment strategies, and use of immunosuppressive medications for COVID-19 in immunocompromised hosts are not well understood. Studies are needed to better understand these factors and improve management of these patients.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Daniel K. Nomah et al.
Summary: This study assessed factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and severe outcomes among people living with HIV. The findings showed that age, immigrant status, sexual orientation, chronic comorbidities, and other factors were associated with SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and severe outcomes. Participants with detectable HIV viraemia, chronic comorbidities, and certain subpopulations were at increased risk of severe outcomes from COVID-19, highlighting the importance of prioritizing these groups in clinical management and vaccination programs.
Article
Immunology
Xueying Yang et al.
Summary: The study using N3C data in the US found that individuals with HIV infection have higher odds of COVID-19 death and hospitalisation, but lower odds of mild or moderate COVID-19. Factors such as older age, male gender, and specific racial/ethnic groups may exacerbate the risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes among people with HIV.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Peter Bergman et al.
Summary: This prospective clinical trial investigated the safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in immunocompromised patients and healthy controls. The vaccine was found to be safe in immunocompromised patients, but with a lower seroconversion rate compared to healthy controls. Additional vaccine doses may be needed to improve immunity in certain immunocompromised patient groups.
Article
Immunology
Ying Liu et al.
Summary: The study investigated the vaccine hesitancy, safety, and immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines among people living with HIV (PLWH) in China. Results showed that vaccine hesitancy was present in 27.5% of PLWH, but vaccination did not have negative effects on their immune system. Poor immunological responders among PLWH had lower antibody responses after vaccination compared to those with better immune responses.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Marielton dos Passos Cunha et al.
Summary: A study showed that some individuals mildly affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibited atypical durations of viral shedding, with one HIV-positive patient shedding SARS-CoV-2 RNA and sgRNA for 232 and 224 days respectively after onset. These results suggest that some infected patients might shed potentially infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus for longer periods of time.
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
V. Shinde et al.
Summary: The NVX-CoV2373 vaccine showed efficacy in preventing Covid-19, with higher vaccine efficacy observed among HIV-negative participants. Most infections were caused by the B.1.351 variant.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Matthew Spinelli et al.
Summary: This study compared the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate, disease severity, and immune response between people living with HIV and those without HIV. The findings showed that although fewer infections were detected among people with HIV, they had more severe cases of COVID-19. Lower IgG concentrations and neutralising antibody titres in HIV-positive individuals suggest a diminished immune response to the infection.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Itzchak Levy et al.
Summary: The Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine demonstrates immunogenicity and safety in people living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (PLWH) who are receiving antiretroviral therapy with unsuppressed CD4 count and suppressed viral load. Adverse events are mainly mild, such as pain at the injection site, fatigue, and headache. Immune response to the vaccine is strong, with high levels of anti-RBD-IgG and neutralizing antibodies observed in both PLWH and immunocompetent health-care workers.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Kim J. Hasenkrug et al.
Summary: The study suggests that T cells are not critical for recovery from acute SARS-CoV-2 infections in rhesus macaques. Instead, B cell responses and antibodies are likely the essential mediators of protection from re-exposure.
Article
Microbiology
Sushma Boppana et al.
Summary: This study examined cTfh responses to three major structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 recovered individuals, finding that cTfh frequencies correlate with neutralizing antibody responses and cTfh responses may be delayed post infection.
Article
Microbiology
Marita Chakhtoura et al.
Summary: This study showed that HIV-infected individuals have distinctive gene expression patterns in GC-Tfh cells, which leads to impaired anti-HIV antibody responses. Downregulation of MAF and its upstream signaling pathway in HIV-infected subjects contributes to the dysfunction of GC-Tfh and GC-B cell functions. Supplementation with ADA-1 partially restored the impaired signaling in GC-Tfh cells during chronic infection.
Review
Immunology
Dawei Cui et al.
Summary: Tfh cells play a central role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection by eliciting neutralizing antibody production, but further studies are needed to elucidate the effector mechanisms mediated by Tfh cells in anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
John Frater et al.
Summary: The study demonstrates that the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine is safe and immunogenic in people with HIV, with no serious adverse events reported. Local and systemic reactions were similar to those in HIV-negative participants, and antibody and cellular immune responses in HIV-infected individuals showed similar levels to those in uninfected individuals.
Article
Immunology
Shabir A. Madhi et al.
Summary: This study aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in people with HIV and HIV-negative individuals. The vaccine showed favorable safety and immunogenicity in people with HIV, including heightened immunogenicity in SARS-CoV-2 baseline-seropositive participants.
Article
Immunology
George A. Yendewa et al.
Summary: Overall, people with HIV had higher rates of poor COVID-19 outcomes, but were not more at risk of death compared to non-HIV-infected individuals. Older age and low CD4 count were predictors of adverse outcomes.
OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Benjamin Israelow et al.
Summary: Research demonstrates that both humoral and cellular immunity play a role in clearing SARS-CoV-2, and convalescent mice or mice vaccinated with mRNA are protected from infection with both the wild type virus and the B.1.351 variant. This protection is mainly mediated by antibody response rather than cellular immunity.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Galia Rahav et al.
Summary: The antibody response to the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine varied significantly among different immunocompromised patients, suggesting the need for individual recommendations based on specific immunosuppression states.
Letter
Immunology
Seth A. Hoffman et al.
Summary: The study reveals that patients with HIV/AIDS may carry variants of SARS-CoV-2 that are resistant to neutralization, highlighting the importance of monitoring infections in immunocompromised individuals.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Remi Fromentin et al.
Summary: The HIV reservoir is not homogenous and is composed of multiple cell types with distinct biological properties. These cells contribute to HIV persistence through specific mechanisms.
SEMINARS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Catherine Riou et al.
Summary: This study found that the attributes of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4(+) T cells were associated with the severity of COVID-19, with severe cases showing poor polyfunctional potential, reduced proliferation capacity, and enhanced HLA-DR expression. HIV-1 and TB coinfection can alter the SARS-CoV-2 T cell response, with HIV-1 causing CD4(+) T cell depletion and active TB leading to decreased polyfunctional capacity of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4(+) T cells in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, COVID-19 patients displayed a reduced frequency of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4(+) T cells, which may affect TB disease progression.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2021)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Muhammad Yousaf et al.
Summary: Our research highlights the risk of prolonged viral shedding in COVID-19 patients and its implications for isolation strategies, as well as explores possible solutions through PCR-CT value testing. Additionally, we review the impact of HIV on COVID-19.
CLINICAL CASE REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Daniel Blanco-Melo et al.
Editorial Material
Critical Care Medicine
Elissa M. Abrams et al.
LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE
(2020)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
B. Cao et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2020)
Article
Immunology
Caroline Charre et al.
Article
Immunology
Alexy Inciarte et al.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Julia del Amo et al.
ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2020)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Ka-Tim Choy et al.
ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH
(2020)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Wu Menghua et al.
AIDS RESEARCH AND THERAPY
(2020)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Abdo A. Elfiky
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Naoki Kaneko et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jennifer A. Juno et al.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Peter W. Horby et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Qian Zhang et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Paul Bastard et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Victoria A. Avanzato et al.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Bina Choi et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2020)
Review
Virology
Sonia Zicari et al.
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Matthew J. Feinstein et al.
Article
Immunology
Robert W. Eisinger et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2019)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Firas El Chaer et al.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2019)
Review
Immunology
Craig Fenwick et al.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
(2019)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Marek Korencak et al.
Review
Immunology
John Patrick Thornhill et al.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2017)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Teslin S. Sandstrom et al.
CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS
(2017)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Alfonso C. Hernandez-Romieu et al.
BMJ OPEN DIABETES RESEARCH & CARE
(2017)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Lucie Colineau et al.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Nancy F. Crum-Cianflone et al.
AIDS PATIENT CARE AND STDS
(2014)
Article
Immunology
Zitta Barrella Harboe et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2014)
Article
Immunology
Solen Kerneis et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2014)
Article
Immunology
Gerald S. Bloomfield et al.
JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES
(2014)
Review
Immunology
Jacob D. Estes
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
(2013)
Review
Immunology
Afam A. Okoye et al.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
(2013)
Review
Immunology
Eleanor M. P. Wilson et al.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
(2013)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Rafael A. Cubas et al.
Article
Microbiology
Ming Zeng et al.
Article
Infectious Diseases
L. Gazzola et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2011)
Article
Immunology
Anandi N. Sheth et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2011)
Editorial Material
Immunology
Jacqueline Capeau
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2011)
Article
Immunology
Colleen F. Kelley et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2009)
Review
Infectious Diseases
Ken M. Kunisaki et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2009)
Review
Immunology
J. M. Brenchley et al.
MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2008)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
CY Wu et al.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2004)
Article
Immunology
TW Schacker et al.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2002)
