4.6 Review

Soot Erased: Catalysts and Their Mechanistic Chemistry

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Article Energy & Fuels

Highlights on the key roles of interfaces between CeO2-based oxide and perovskite (LaMnO3/LaFeO3) in creating active oxygen species for soot oxidation

Linmei Wang et al.

Summary: Efficient catalysts for reducing soot emissions under low oxygen concentration conditions have been designed by synthesizing hybrid catalysts combining CeO2-based oxide with perovskite. These catalysts have more oxygen vacancies and enhanced lattice oxygen transport, and the interfacial interaction significantly promotes the soot oxidation.
Article Engineering, Chemical

Mechanisms of soot-aggregate restructuring and compaction

Joel C. Corbin et al.

Summary: This study combines theory and experiments to explain conflicting viewpoints on the compaction of soot aggregates. The study finds that internal mixing of soot particles with liquid coatings through condensation typically leads to compaction, while internal mixing through coagulation or the formation of solid or highly viscous coatings may avoid compaction.

AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2023)

Article Energy & Fuels

Diesel soot combustion over ceria catalyst: Evolution of functional groups on soot surfaces

Jiangjun Wei et al.

Summary: The mechanism of soot catalytical oxidation was investigated through various experiments, including temperature-programmed-oxidation (TPO), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, and Raman scattering spectrometer. It was found that ceria catalyst enhances the consumption of amorphous carbon and improves the structure and composition of soot surface, facilitating the oxidation reactions.
Article Chemistry, Physical

Revealing active edge sites induced by oriented lattice bending of Co-CeO2 nanosheets for boosting auto-exhaust soot oxidation

Yuanfeng Li et al.

Summary: In this study, a series of Co-x-CeO2 nanosheet catalysts were synthesized through a one-step hydrothermal method. The CeO2 microsphere with crossed nanosheets enhances the contact efficiency between soot and catalyst, and the substitution of Co ions for cerium sites in CeO2 leads to the oriented bending of Co-CeO2 nanosheets, thereby improving the adsorption/activation properties of NO and O-2. The Co-2-CeO2 catalyst exhibits the highest tolerance to H2O (T-50 = 334 ℃, TOF = 1.32 h(-1)) and excellent stability during soot oxidation in the presence of H2O. The proposed mechanism, supported by characterizations and DFT calculations, suggests that the active edge sites on the Co-CeO2 nanosheets can activate surface oxygen and gaseous O-2, and the active oxygen species can promote the oxidation of NO to NO2, which is a crucial step in the NOx-assisted catalytic mechanism for soot oxidation. This research provides a promising approach for the rational design of high-performance non-noble metal catalysts for practical applications.

JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS (2023)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Single-crystalline ?-MnO2 catalysts with tailored exposed crystal facets for boosting catalytic soot oxidation: The crystal facet-dependent activity br

Hongjie Chi et al.

Summary: The distribution and coordination states of surface oxygen and metal ions in pure-phase metal oxides are influenced by the exposed crystal facets. In this study, different crystal facet-controlled alpha-MnO2 catalysts were constructed, and it was found that the catalyst with exposed high-index {310} facet exhibited the highest catalytic activity and excellent stability.

APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE (2023)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Study on the Catalytic Characteristics of Precious Metal Catalysts with Different Pt/Pd Ratios for Soot Combustion

Diming Lou et al.

Summary: This paper investigates the catalytic characteristics of catalysts with different Pt/Pd mass ratios for soot combustion and explores the adsorption characteristics of soot and O-2 on the catalyst surface. The research results provide important insights for optimizing the Pt/Pd ratio and improving the soot oxidation performance of the catalyst.

ACS OMEGA (2023)

Article Energy & Fuels

Insight into the better performance of Co than Pt on Ce-Sn catalyst for soot oxidation

Meng Wang et al.

Summary: In this study, a 3 %Co/Ce-Sn catalyst displayed higher efficiency in soot oxidation compared to a 1 %Pt/CeSn catalyst. The 3 %Co/Ce-Sn catalyst also exhibited strong resistance to H2O and SO2 poisoning. The introduction of Co induced more oxygen defects, enabling the activation of chemisorbed oxygen and the production of active oxygen species. Furthermore, it was discovered that the oxidation process of NO to NO2 was governed by active oxygen species, which facilitated soot oxidation through a NO2-assisted mechanism. These findings provide valuable insights for the design of cost-effective and high-performance catalysts for soot oxidation, with the 3 %Co/Ce-Sn catalyst being a promising candidate for controlling soot in diesel vehicles.
Review Engineering, Environmental

A review of the development and application of soot modelling for modern diesel engines and the soot modelling for different fuels

Zibin Yin et al.

Summary: This paper reviews previous soot models and summarizes the most popular phenomenological models in recent years. Furthermore, it also summarizes the application of existing models in turbulent flame and diesel engine development, as well as the progress in carbon soot modeling for biodiesel, natural gas, and other new fuels.

PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (2023)

Article Chemistry, Applied

Soot oxidation over V/ZSM-5 catalysts in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor: Performance enhancement by transition metal (Mn, Co and Fe) doping

Jianbin Luo et al.

Summary: The oxidation of soot particles over M-V/ZSM-5 catalysts (M=Mn, Co and Fe) was investigated in a cylindrical DBD plasma reactor. Soot particles were completely eliminated after 60 minutes of reaction in the plasma reactor. Mn-V/ZSM-5 catalyst exhibited higher catalytic activity towards soot particles compared to the Co-V/ZSM-5, Fe-V/ZSM-5, and VOx/ZSM-5 catalysts in the plasma reactor. However, the CO2 selectivity showed an opposite trend to the soot oxidation rate.

CATALYSIS TODAY (2023)

Article Chemistry, Physical

The Catalyst of Ruthenium Nanoparticles Decorated Silicalite-1 Zeolite for Boosting Catalytic Soot Oxidation

Yuanfeng Li et al.

Summary: Here, Ru nanoparticles (NPs) were decorated on the S-1 surface using the GBMR method, leading to the formation of an interfacial structure that enhances adsorption/activation properties and catalytic activity. The Ru/S-1 catalyst showed excellent catalytic performance for soot oxidation, with high CO2 selectivity and no obvious deactivation after cycling five times. The interfacial effect between Ru NPs and S-1 played a crucial role in the conversion of NO to NO2 during soot oxidation.

CATALYSTS (2023)

Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Atmospheric heterogeneous reactions on soot: A review

Yuan Liu et al.

Summary: Soot particles, consisting of elemental carbon and organic compounds, have significant impacts on climate, the environment, and human health. They are chemically and physically active in atmospheric aging processes, leading to changes in composition, morphology, hygroscopicity, and optical properties. The interactions between soot and atmospheric substances, as well as the heterogeneous reactions on soot, have been extensively studied to better understand the environmental behaviors of soot.

FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH (2023)

Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Atmospheric heterogeneous reactions on soot: A review

Yuan Liu et al.

Summary: Soot particles, made up of elemental carbon and organic compounds, have significant impacts on climate, the environment, and human health. They undergo chemical and physical reactions in the atmosphere, changing their properties and effects. These reactions also affect the transformation of gaseous pollutants into secondary aerosols. Therefore, understanding the interactions between soot and atmospheric substances is crucial for understanding its environmental behaviors.

FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH (2023)

Article Energy & Fuels

Effects of simultaneous CO2 addition to the fuel and oxidizer streams on soot formation in co-flow diffusion ethylene flame

Yu Yang et al.

Summary: The soot formation in a co-flow diffusion ethylene flame with the addition of CO2 was investigated numerically and experimentally in this study. The effects of different CO2 addition ways on soot inception, soot condensation, and oxidation processes were quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that CO2-F/O was the most effective in inhibiting soot formation, followed by CO2-O and CO2-F.
Article Engineering, Environmental

The influence of partial substitution of Ce with K in CeMO3 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) perovskite catalysts on soot combustion performance

Mengting Wang et al.

Summary: A series of Ce1_xKxMO3 perovskite catalysts were synthesized by the citrate sol-gel method, in which the catalytic performance was significantly improved by substituting Ce with K. The Ce0.8K0.2CoO3 perovskite catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity and increased specific surface area, with the formation of Co4+ and abundant oxygen vacancies, facilitating the activation of lattice oxygen species.

JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (2023)

Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Nanostructured modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs)-based catalysts: A review on synthesis, characterization, and applications in water remediation by advanced oxidation processes

Ansaf V. Karim et al.

Summary: Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are catalyst materials with water molecules and anion exchange capacity. Modifying LDHs with other materials can enhance their surface properties and catalytic performance. This review summarizes the recent progress of nanostructured modified LDHs materials and discusses their application in organic pollutant removal.

CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCE (2022)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Water accelerates and directly participates soot oxidation: An isotopic study

Weinan Yang et al.

Summary: In this study, heavy-oxygen water was used to investigate the influence of water on soot oxidation in automobile exhaust. It was found that water participated in the oxidation process, acting as an accelerator rather than an oxidant. The promotional effect of water on activity was observed in all conditions, likely due to its ability to dissociate into more active oxygen species and facilitate oxygen vacancies regeneration.

APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

The decisive factor of hollow spherical network morphology of Nd1-xCexCo1-yCUyO3±δ perovskites towards soot oxidation

Hari Prasad Uppara et al.

Summary: Perovskite Nd1-xCexCo1-yCuyO3 samples with interconnected hollow spherical network morphology have been synthesized using PVP-assisted sol-gel method. These samples exhibit charge transfer in the UV region and broad absorption bands in the visible region. Among them, sample NC2 shows the lowest soot oxidation temperature.

CHEMICAL PAPERS (2022)

Article Thermodynamics

Effect of the oxidation-induced fragmentation of primary particles on soot oxidation reactivity

Ye Liu et al.

Summary: This study investigates the effect of oxidation-induced fragmentation on the oxidation reactivity of diesel soot in a CH4 lean premixed flame. The results show that more particle fragmentation occurs during soot burnout, and the internal combustion leads to variations in physicochemical properties, resulting in increased oxidation reactivity of the soot particles.

COMBUSTION AND FLAME (2022)

Article Energy & Fuels

High performance of K-supported Pr2Sn2O7 pyrochlore catalysts for soot oxidation

Ben Wang et al.

Summary: A highly active catalyst of K-supported Pr(2)Sn(2)O(7) pyrochlore nanosphere was synthesized and showed excellent catalytic performance and high stability in soot combustion. The potassium species on the catalyst surface exist in three forms and contribute to improved catalyst-soot contact, increased surface basicity, enhanced reducibility, and potential participation in soot oxidation. The results suggest that this catalyst has the potential for application in diesel exhaust control processes.
Review Chemistry, Applied

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) for coating applications

Ameya Jagtap et al.

Summary: This review discusses the use of Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) in coatings, including their structure, characteristics, and mechanisms in anticorrosion and flame-retardant applications. LDH coatings can be used alone or in combination with other materials, making them suitable for various fields.

JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH (2022)

Article Energy & Fuels

Synergistic effect of binary Co and Ni cations in hydrotalcite-derived Co2-xNixAlO catalysts for promoting soot combustion

Yilin Zhang et al.

Summary: The presence of unsaturated cations in hydrotalcite-derived CoAl oxides is crucial for improving catalytic performance during soot combustion. By partially replacing cobalt with nickel in hydrotalcite-derived CoAl oxides, the surface area and active sites can be increased, leading to improved adsorption-activation properties for O-2 and NO. The synergistic effect of binary Co and Ni ions in hydrotalcite-derived Co2-xNixAlO catalysts greatly enhances catalytic activity for soot combustion.
Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Catalytic oxidation of soot by CeO2–ZrO2 catalysts: Role of Zr

M.K. Shukla et al.

MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Property and Reactivity Relationships of Co3O4 with Diverse Nanostructures for Soot Oxidation

Chao Hu et al.

Summary: Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanostructures with different morphologies were synthesized and used for catalytic oxidation of soot particles. The Co3O4 nanoflowers showed higher oxidation activity than the nanocubes and nanoplates, primarily due to their larger amount of Co3+ and lattice oxygen on their surface and highly defective structure, which promoted the adsorption and activation of oxygen species.

ACS OMEGA (2022)

Article Energy & Fuels

Analyzing the role of copper in the soot oxidation performance of BaMnO3-perovskite-based catalyst obtained by modified sol-gel synthesis br

Veronica Torregrosa-Rivero et al.

Summary: Carbon black can reduce the calcination temperature, but hinder the formation of BaMnO3 polytype. Mixed oxides synthesized at low calcination temperatures have smaller particle size, slightly higher BET surface areas, and smaller macropores. The distribution of copper in the catalysts depends on the calcination temperature, and higher temperature promotes copper insertion into the perovskite structure. BMC3-C600 shows the best performance with high surface copper and oxygen vacancies.
Review Chemistry, Applied

Soot formation mechanism of modern automobile engines and methods of reducing soot emissions: A review

E. Jiaqiang et al.

Summary: Soot particles emitted by automobile engines have had a significant negative impact on the environment and human health. Understanding the complex process of soot formation and researching methods to reduce soot emission can help control pollution and contribute to advanced technology.

FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY (2022)

Article Energy & Fuels

Methane Pyrolysis in a Liquid Metal Bubble Column Reactor: A Model Approach Combining Bubble Dynamics with Byproduct and Soot Formation

Neele Uhlenbruck et al.

Summary: Methane pyrolysis is a promising technology for climate change mitigation by producing hydrogen from decarbonized natural gas. The future process optimization should focus on hydrogen yield, energy efficiency, carbon products, and byproduct formation. A model coupling bubble dynamics with a combustion kinetic mechanism has been developed and validated, showing good agreement with experimental data.

ENERGY TECHNOLOGY (2022)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Soot oxidation in low-O2 and O2-free environments by lanthanum-based perovskites: structural changes and the effect of Ag doping

Ferenc Martinovic et al.

Summary: The study explored the potential use of La-based perovskites doped with Ag as cGPF soot oxidation catalysts, focusing on the effects of different conditions on the catalyst and soot oxidation. Results showed a significant reduction in soot oxidation temperature and high oxygen storage capacity in certain catalysts under specific conditions.

CATALYSIS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2022)

Review Environmental Sciences

Layered double hydroxides and LDH-derived materials in chosen environmental applications: a review

Dylan Chaillot et al.

Summary: Layered double hydroxides and related materials play a key role in reducing environmental impact, with efficient synthesis and tunable properties. Their physical and structural properties make them suitable for environmental applications such as adsorption of pollutants and hydrogen production.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH (2021)

Article Chemistry, Applied

Synergy Between Ceria and Metals (Ag or Cu) in Catalytic Diesel Particulate Filters: Effect of the Metal Content and of the Preparation Method on the Regeneration Performance

Valeria Di Sarli et al.

Summary: This study investigated the catalytic performance of metal-promoted CeO2 washcoated silicon carbide diesel particulate filters in soot oxidation. The amount and preparation method of the metal (Ag or Cu) were found to significantly influence the catalytic activity, with Ag-promoted catalysts prepared using method B showing the highest activity. The results suggest that the method of preparation plays a crucial role in enhancing the catalytic performance of the filters.

TOPICS IN CATALYSIS (2021)

Review Energy & Fuels

Turning a negative into a positive: Trends, guidelines and challenges of developing multifunctional non-wettable coatings based on industrial soot wastes

Alberto Baldelli et al.

Summary: Carbon soot, though usually associated with negative impacts, shows promise in the development of multifunctional non-wettable coatings. The physicochemistry of soot, including surface oxidation and heteroatoms, plays a crucial role in determining its chemical properties and moisture absorption capacity. Selecting appropriate soot sources can facilitate the creation of liquid-repellent materials with a wide range of potential applications.
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Oxygen vacancies and alkaline metal boost CeO2 catalyst for enhanced soot combustion activity: A first-principles evidence

Chao Wang et al.

Summary: The presence of oxygen vacancies on CeO2 surfaces was found to enhance the oxidation of graphene-type soot, rather than stoichiometric CeO2 surfaces. Increasing the initial surface oxygen vacancy concentration or decreasing the formation energy of oxygen vacancies can effectively activate lattice oxygen for optimization of CeO2.

APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Promotion of A-Site Ag-Doped Perovskites for the Catalytic Oxidation of Soot: Synergistic Catalytic Effect of Dual Active Sites

Lijun He et al.

Summary: By modifying the active sites in the La-Ag-Co perovskite catalyst, the catalytic performance was improved, with the formation of active oxygen vacancies. There is synergy between the oxygen vacancies and metal sites, enhancing the catalytic efficiency of the catalyst.

ACS CATALYSIS (2021)

Article Energy & Fuels

Determination and utilization of optimal diesel/n-butanol/biogas derivation for small utility dual fuel diesel engine

Sunil Kumar Mahla et al.

Summary: The combination of biodiesel, higher alcohols, and gaseous fuel as alternative fuels for diesel engines has shown positive impacts on performance and emissions characteristics, with the addition of n-butanol in diesel fuel showing favorable effects on biogas operated dual-fuel engines. An optimization process using multi-criteria decision analysis and response surface method techniques found that the optimal values of engine load, n-butanol concentration, and biogas flow rate were 78.89%, 20%, and 1.37 kg/h respectively, resulting in improved efficiency and reduced emissions.
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Ceria-based catalytic coatings on biomorphic silicon carbide: A system for soot oxidation with enhanced properties

M. Pilar Orihuela et al.

Summary: This study utilized biomorphic silicon carbide to fabricate a wall-flow filter with ceria-based catalytic coatings of two different morphologies, demonstrating a reduction in regeneration temperature and enhanced soot oxidation. The influence of substrate arrangement on regeneration performance and oxidative capacity of the coating was analyzed, offering possibilities for further reducing soot oxidation temperature through engineered ceria morphology and optimal substrate arrangement.

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Sheng Tang et al.

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The role of metal-support interaction in Ag/CeO2 catalysts for CO and soot oxidation

M. V. Grabchenko et al.

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Probing soot structure and electronic properties by optical spectroscopy

Gianluigi De Falco et al.

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Soot oxidation in diesel exhaust on manganese oxide catalyst prepared by flame spray pyrolysis

Christian Singer et al.

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Qian Li et al.

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Anupama Mishra et al.

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W. Y. Hernandez et al.

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Oxidation of soot on manganese oxide catalysts

Steffen Wagloehner et al.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2015)

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Effect of the morphological and surface properties of CeO2-based catalysts on the soot oxidation activity

P. Miceli et al.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2015)

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Liu Shuang et al.

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Wenxiang Tang et al.

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Nitin Labhasetwar et al.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS (2015)

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Guchu Zou et al.

CATALYSIS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2015)

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Tarek Alammar et al.

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A. Bueno-Lopez

APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL (2014)

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Anupama Mishra et al.

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Ruoyan Yang et al.

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Gina Pecchi et al.

INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH (2014)

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Shan Wenjuan et al.

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Exhaust emissions of diesel engines operating under transient conditions with biodiesel fuel blends

Evangelos G. Giakoumis et al.

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Manoj B. Gawande et al.

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Effect of Ca-substitution in La1-xCaxFeO3 perovskites on the catalytic activity for soot combustion

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Fe-based perovskites substituted by copper and palladium for NO plus CO reaction

Runduo Zhang et al.

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Catalytic removal of NOx and diesel soot over nanostructure spinel-type oxides

D. Fino et al.

JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS (2006)

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A novel Pd/MgAlOx catalyst for NOx storage-reduction

BA Silletti et al.

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NOx trapping and soot combustion on BaCoO3-y perovskite:: LRS and FTIR characterization

VG Milt et al.

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Influence of diesel engine combustion parametes on primary soot particle diameter

U Mathis et al.

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Detailed modeling of PAH and soot formation in a laminar premixed benzene/oxygen/argon low-pressure flame

H Richter et al.

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Development of catalysts for diesel particulate NOx reduction

J Suzuki et al.

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