Reactive X (where X = O, N, S, C, Cl, Br, and I) species nanomedicine

Reactive oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, carbonyl, chlorine, bromine, and iodine species (RXS, where X = O, N, S, C, Cl, Br, and I) have important roles in various normal physiological processes and act as essential regulators of cell metabolism; their inherent biological activities govern cell signaling, immune balance, and tissue homeostasis. However, an imbalance between RXS production and consumption will induce the occurrence and development of various diseases. Due to the considerable progress of nanomedicine, a variety of nanosystems that can regulate RXS has been rationally designed and engineered for restoring RXS balance to halt the pathological processes of different diseases. The invention of radical-regulating nanomaterials creates the possibility of intriguing projects for disease treatment and promotes advances in nanomedicine. In this comprehensive review, we summarize, discuss, and highlight very-recent advances in RXS-based nanomedicine for versatile disease treatments. This review particularly focuses on the types and pathological effects of these reactive species and explores the biological effects of RXS-based nanomaterials, accompanied by a discussion and the outlook of the challenges faced and future clinical translations of RXS nanomedicines. Reactive oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, carbonyl, chlorine, bromine, and iodine species (RXS, X = O, N, S, C, Cl, Br, and I) play important roles in normal physiological processes through governing cell signaling, immune balance, and tissue homeostasis.

Automated summary

Reactive oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, carbonyl, chlorine, bromine, and iodine species (RXS) play important roles in normal physiological processes by governing cell signaling, immune balance, and tissue homeostasis. However, an imbalance in RXS production and consumption can lead to the occurrence and development of various diseases. The advancements in nanomedicine have allowed for the design of nanosystems that can regulate RXS and restore balance, thus halting the pathological processes of different diseases.