Landscape pattern is critical for the moderation of thermal extremes

Temperature is highly variable across space and time at multiple scales, shapes landscape pattern, and dictates ecological processes. While our knowledge of ecological phenomena is vast relative to many landscape metrics, thermal patterns which shape landscape mosaics are largely unknown. To address this disconnect, we investigated the thermal landscape by measuring black bulb temperature (T-bb,) at intervals as small as 15 min across 3 yr in a mixed-grass shrub vegetation community. We found that the thermal landscape was highly heterogeneous displaying a prevalence for thermal extremes (i.e., T-bb > 50 degrees C) and that T-bb, was driven by the synergism of environmental, terrain, and vegetation factors. Specifically, variation of T-bb on the landscape was best predicted by the inclusion of ambient temperature (T-air)solar radiation (S-rad), low woody cover, and tall woody cover as variables. Moreover, models of single vegetation parameters (i.e., bare ground, low woody, or tall woody cover) each had greater relative importance than those containing a single terrain variable (i.e., slope or aspect) based on AIC, providing evidence that vegetation is a key driver of T-bb on the landscape. Within the thermally heterogeneous landscape, tall woody cover moderated T-bb, by 10 degrees C more than bare ground, herbaceous, or low woody cover during peak diurnal heating (14:00), and was the only cover type that remained < 50 degrees C on average. Given that tall woody cover comprises only about 7% of the landscape in our study, these findings have direct conservation implications for species inhabiting shrub communities, specifically that the distribution of tall woody cover is a spatially limited but key predictor of potential thermal refugia on the landscape. Our findings also demonstrate that local interactions between vegetation and temperature can create thermal patterns that shape dynamic landscape mosaics across space and time. Furthermore, we show that structural heterogeneity can maximize thermal complexity across landscapes which can provide greater potential thermal options for organisms. However, our modeled climate projections suggest that far greater thermal extremes will be possible across increasingly larger swaths of the landscape in the future, making assessments and quantifications of thermal landscapes increasingly critical.