Peptide Nucleic Acids: Recent Developments in the Synthesis and Backbone Modifications

Nucleic acid represents the ideal drug candidate for protein targets that are hard to target or against which drug development is not easy. Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are synthesized by attaching modified peptide backbones generally derived from repetitive N-2-aminoethyl glycine units in place of the regular phosphodiester backbone and represent synthetic impersonator of nucleic acids that offers an exciting research field due to their fascinating spectrum of biotechnological, diagnostic and potential therapeutic applications. The semi-rigid peptide nucleic acid backbone serves as a nearly-perfect template for attaching complimentary base pairs on DNA or RNA in a sequence-dependent manner as described by Watson-Crick models. PNAs and their analogues are endowed with exceptionally high affinity and specificity for receptor sites, essentially due to their polyamide backbone's uncharged and flexible nature. The present review compiled various strategies to modify the polypeptide backbone for improving the target selectivity and stability of the PNAs in the body. The investigated biological activities carried out on PNAs have also been summarized in the present review.

Automated summary

Nucleic acids, specifically peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), are ideal drug candidates for protein targets that are difficult to target or develop drugs against. PNAs are synthetic impersonators of nucleic acids and offer a wide range of applications in biotechnology, diagnostics, and potential therapeutics. Various strategies have been explored to modify the polypeptide backbone of PNAs to improve target selectivity and stability in the body.