☆ 4.4 Review

Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRI: What Neuro-Oncology Clinicians Need To Know

TECHNOLOGY IN CANCER RESEARCH & TREATMENT (2023)

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Review Biophysics

Acquisition sequences and reconstruction methods for fast chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging

Yi Zhang et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the key acquisition and reconstruction methods for fast chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging. The developments of saturation schemes, readout patterns, ultrafast z-spectroscopy, and saturation-editing techniques in fast CEST imaging are described in the acquisition sequence section. The important advances of parallel imaging, compressed sensing, sparsity in the z-spectrum, and algorithms beyond the Fourier transform for speeding up CEST MRI are listed in the reconstruction method section.

NMR IN BIOMEDICINE (2023)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Reproducibility of 3 T APT-CEST in Healthy Volunteers and Patients With Brain Glioma

Ivar J. H. G. Wamelink et al.

Summary: This study investigates the reproducibility of cerebral APT-CEST imaging in healthy tissue and gliomas at 3 T. The results indicate that cerebral APT-CEST shows good scan-rescan reproducibility in healthy tissue and tumors, and short-term measurement effects may be the dominant components for reproducibility.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (2023)

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Review Biophysics

The relayed nuclear Overhauser effect in magnetization transfer and chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI

Yang Zhou et al.

Summary: Magnetic resonance is a noninvasive technology with low signal sensitivity for detecting molecular species in vivo. Saturation transfer MRI methods enhance sensitivity by indirectly detecting low-concentration molecules using the water proton pool. The use of rNOE signals from mobile macromolecules allows for the probing of macromolecular solution components and the study of small substrate binding.

NMR IN BIOMEDICINE (2023)

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Article Biophysics

Amine-weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging in brain tumors

Nicholas S. Cho et al.

Summary: Amine-weighted CEST MRI is a valuable imaging technique for brain tumors, sensitive to changes in amino acids and pH, and has the potential to greatly impact patients by understanding vulnerabilities in the tumor microenvironment and providing complementary value to conventional and exploratory therapies.

NMR IN BIOMEDICINE (2023)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRI for Differentiating Radiation Necrosis From Tumor Progression in Brain Metastasis-Application in a Clinical Setting

Hatef Mehrabian et al.

Summary: Saturation transfer MRI methods can be used to distinguish radiation necrosis from tumor progression. The magnetization transfer ratio provides the largest effect sizes among all metrics.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (2023)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Effect of Saturation Pulse Duration and Power on pH-weighted Amide Proton Transfer Imaging: A Phantom Study

Chiaki Tokunaga et al.

Summary: APT imaging based on the CEST phenomenon can detect changes in tissue pH and aid in identifying penumbra in stroke patients. This study investigated the effect of saturation pulse duration and power on the APT effect in samples with different pH values. The results showed that the influence of saturation duration and power on the APT effect was greater at lower pH values. A combination of saturation pulse duration ≥1.0 s and power ≥1.5 μT was found to be useful for detecting changes in APT effects in the samples.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICAL SCIENCES (2023)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

3D APT and NOE CEST-MRI of healthy volunteers and patients with non-enhancing glioma at 3 T

Yulun Wu et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the feasibility of mapping tumor heterogeneity in non-enhancing glioma using APT- and NOE-weighted imaging based on advanced CEST metrics. Analysis of LD APT and MTRREX NOE allows for observing tumor heterogeneity, which can be beneficial in improving imaging diagnostics for non-enhancing glioma.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

GLINT: GlucoCEST in neoplastic tumors at 3 T-clinical results of GlucoCEST in gliomas

Benjamin Bender et al.

Summary: The clinical relevance of dynamic glucose enhanced (DGE) chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging has typically been demonstrated at ultra-high field (UHF), but results of a cohort study at clinical field strength are presented here. DGE imaging showed that in high-grade gliomas with blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, d-glucose uptake could be detected in specific regions, while glioma patients without BBB leakage showed no detectable DGE effect within the tumor. This suggests a correlation between BBB leakage and DGE signal, regardless of tumor grade.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Mapping tumour heterogeneity with pulsed 3D CEST MRI in non-enhancing glioma at 3 T

Esther A. H. Warnert et al.

Summary: This study investigates the use of CEST MRI to differentiate non-enhancing glioma from healthy tissue and image tumour heterogeneity. The results suggest that LDamide may be more effective than MTRasym in differentiating non-enhancing glioma from normal appearing white matter, and demonstrate the importance of whole tumour coverage in studying increased APT-weighted CEST signal in non-enhancing glioma.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

The Value of APTw CEST MRI in Routine Clinical Assessment of Human Brain Tumor Patients at 3T

Julia P. Lingl et al.

Summary: This prospective study demonstrates the high diagnostic potential of APTw CEST imaging in a routine clinical setting for differentiating brain tumors.

DIAGNOSTICS (2022)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Three-dimensional chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging using compressed SENSE for full z-spectrum acquisition

Tatsuhiro Wada et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging with compressed sensing (CS) and sensitivity encoding (SENSE) technique (CS-SENSE). The results showed that the CS-SENSE technique provided equivalent contrast to 2D CEST imaging and enabled the acquisition of a wide z-spectrum range.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (2022)

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Review Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Review and consensus recommendations on clinical APT-weighted imaging approaches at 3T: Application to brain tumors

Jinyuan Zhou et al.

Summary: This paper reviews the current clinical APTw imaging approaches and provides recommendations for optimizing APTw brain tumor imaging. These recommendations will help achieve uniform clinical application and interpretation, and facilitate multi-center trials and routine clinical use.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Biophysics

Theory of chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI in the context of different magnetic fields

Moritz Zaiss et al.

Summary: Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a versatile method that provides contrast based on molecular and metabolic activity. It measures the protons in low concentration molecules that are exchanging with water protons indirectly. The measurement is modeled using the Bloch-McConnell equations, which reveal the dependencies of measurable CEST effects.

NMR IN BIOMEDICINE (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Differentiation of recurrent diffuse glioma from treatment-induced change using amide proton transfer imaging: incremental value to diffusion and perfusion parameters

Yae Won Park et al.

Summary: APT imaging adds incremental value to DTI, DCE, and DSC parameters in distinguishing between recurrent gliomas and treatment-induced changes, improving the diagnostic performance of the model. This suggests that APT imaging may serve as a useful imaging biomarker in this context.

NEURORADIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neuroimaging: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer

Daniel G. Hampton et al.

Summary: Magnetic resonance (MR) is a powerful technique that goes beyond conventional anatomic imaging to explore in vivo metabolism, with MR spectroscopy (MRS), sodium concentration imaging, and chemical exchange saturation transfer being actively developed for metabolic imaging. These techniques have emerging clinical applications in neuroimaging.

SEMINARS IN ULTRASOUND CT AND MRI (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

The traveling heads 2.0: Multicenter reproducibility of quantitative imaging methods at 7 Tesla

Maximilian N. Voelker et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the reproducibility of quantitative brain imaging at ten different 7 T sites and found high reproducibility with MP2RAGE measurements. QSM showed high inter-site reproducibility for relevant subcortical volumes. Although CEST imaging revealed systematic differences between sites, its reproducibility was comparable to literature results.

NEUROIMAGE (2021)

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Review Oncology

The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary

David N. Louis et al.

Summary: The fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System integrates molecular diagnostics into CNS tumor classification, introduces different approaches to tumor nomenclature and grading, and emphasizes the importance of integrated diagnoses and layered reports.

NEURO-ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Article Oncology

Chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI in central nervous system tumours on a 1.5 T MR-Linac

Rachel W. Chan et al.

Summary: This study described the implementation and initial results of using CEST for monitoring patients with CNS tumours treated with a 1.5 tesla MR-guided radiotherapy system. The results showed that CEST MRI is feasible for in vivo imaging of CNS tumours, displaying tumor/white-matter contrast, temporal signal changes, and associations with tumor grade.

RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Repeatability of amide proton transfer-weighted signals in the brain according to clinical condition and anatomical location

Jung Bin Lee et al.

EUROPEAN RADIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Neurosciences

Multiparameter mapping of relaxation (R1,R2*), proton density and magnetization transfer saturation at3 T: A multicenter dual-vendor reproducibility and repeatability study

Tobias Leutritz et al.

HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING (2020)

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Review Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

The role of APT imaging in gliomas grading: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Bisdas Sotirios et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Accelerating chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI with parallel blind compressed sensing

Huajun She et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Quantification of pulsed saturation transfer at 1.5T and 3T

Rachel W. Chan et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

3D gradient echo snapshot CEST MRI with low power saturation for human studies at 3T

Anagha Deshmane et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Oncology

Evaluation of Glioblastoma Response to Therapy With Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer

Hatef Mehrabian et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS (2018)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Chemical exchange saturation transfer fingerprinting for exchange rate quantification

Zhengwei Zhou et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2018)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Improved Differentiation of Low-Grade and High-Grade Gliomas and Detection of Tumor Proliferation Using APT Contrast Fitted from Z-Spectrum

Jiaxuan Zhang et al.

MOLECULAR IMAGING AND BIOLOGY (2018)

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Article Oncology

Assessing the predictability of IDH mutation and MGMT methylation status in glioma patients using relaxation-compensated multipool CEST MRI at 7.0 T

Daniel Paech et al.

NEURO-ONCOLOGY (2018)

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Article Neurosciences

Magnetization Transfer Contrast and Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRI. Features and analysis of the field-dependent saturation spectrum

Peter C. M. van Zijl et al.

NEUROIMAGE (2018)

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Article Biophysics

Snapshot-CEST: Optimizing spiral-centric-reordered gradient echo acquisition for fast and robust 3D CEST MRI at 9.4T

Moritz Zaiss et al.

NMR IN BIOMEDICINE (2018)

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Article

Chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI serves as predictor of early progression in glioblastoma patients

Sebastian Regnery et al.

Oncotarget (2018)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Image reconstruction by domain-transform manifold learning

Bo Zhu et al.

NATURE (2018)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Chemical exchange saturation transfer for predicting response to stereotactic radiosurgery in human brain metastasis

Kimberly L. Desmond et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Amide Proton Transfer Imaging of Brain Tumors Using a Self-Corrected 3D Fast Spin-Echo Dixon Method: Comparison With Separate B0 Correction

Osamu Togao et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) Imaging With Fast Variably-accelerated Sensitivity Encoding (vSENSE)

Yi Zhang et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Simultaneous mapping of water shift and B1(WASABI)Application to field-Inhomogeneity correction of CEST MRI data

Patrick Schuenke et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Comparison of Pulsed Three-Dimensional CEST Acquisition Schemes at 7 Tesla: Steady State Versus Pseudosteady State

Vitaliy Khlebnikov et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Applying protein-based amide proton transfer MR imaging to distinguish solitary brain metastases from glioblastoma

Hao Yu et al.

EUROPEAN RADIOLOGY (2017)

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Article Oncology

Differentiation between Radiation Necrosis and Tumor Progression Using Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer

Hatef Mehrabian et al.

CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH (2017)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Molecular MRI differentiation between primary central nervous system lymphomas and high-grade gliomas using endogenous protein-based amide proton transfer MR imaging at 3 Tesla

Shanshan Jiang et al.

EUROPEAN RADIOLOGY (2016)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Whole-Brain Amide Proton Transfer (APT) and Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE) Imaging in Glioma Patients Using Low-Power Steady-State Pulsed Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) Imaging at 7T

Hye-Young Heo et al.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (2016)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Quantitative Assessment of Amide Proton Transfer (APT) and Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE) Imaging with Extrapolated Semi-Solid Magnetization Transfer Reference (EMR) Signals: Application to a Rat Glioma Model at 4.7 Tesla

Hye-Young Heo et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2016)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Added value of amide proton transfer imaging to conventional and perfusion MR imaging for evaluating the treatment response of newly diagnosed glioblastoma

Kye Jin Park et al.

EUROPEAN RADIOLOGY (2016)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Effect of the saturation pulse duration on chemical exchange saturation transfer in amide proton transfer MR imaging: a phantom study

Tatsuhiro Wada et al.

RADIOLOGICAL PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY (2016)

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Review Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

An overview of CEST MRI for non-MR physicists

B. Wu et al.

EJNMMI PHYSICS (2016)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Scan-rescan reproducibility of parallel transmission based amide proton transfer imaging of brain tumors

Osamu Togao et al.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (2015)

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Article Oncology

Grading glial tumors with amide proton transfer MR imaging: different analytical approaches

Akihiko Sakata et al.

JOURNAL OF NEURO-ONCOLOGY (2015)

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Article Oncology

pH-weighted molecular imaging of gliomas using amine chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI

Robert J. Harris et al.

NEURO-ONCOLOGY (2015)

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Article Neurosciences

Relaxation-compensated CEST-MRI of the human brain at 7 T: Unbiased insight into NOE and amide signal changes in human glioblastoma

Moritz Zaiss et al.

NEUROIMAGE (2015)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Establishing the Lysine-rich Protein CEST Reporter Gene as a CEST MR Imaging Detector for Oncolytic Virotherapy

Christian T. Farrar et al.

RADIOLOGY (2015)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Variable Delay Multi-Pulse Train for Fast Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer and Relayed-Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement MRI

Jiadi Xu et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2014)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement Mediated Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Imaging at 7 Tesla in Glioblastoma Patients

Daniel Paech et al.

PLOS ONE (2014)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Ultrafast Scanning of Exchangeable Sites by NMR Spectroscopy

Xiang Xu et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2013)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

CEST: From basic principles to applications, challenges and opportunities

Elena Vinogradov et al.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (2013)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Three-Dimensional Turbo-Spin-Echo Amide Proton Transfer MR Imaging at 3-Tesla and Its Application to High-Grade Human Brain Tumors

Xuna Zhao et al.

MOLECULAR IMAGING AND BIOLOGY (2013)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

A new method for detecting exchanging amide protons using chemical exchange rotation transfer

Zhongliang Zu et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2013)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

On B1 inhomogeneity correction of in vivo human brain glutamate chemical exchange saturation transfer contrast at 7T

Anup Singh et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2013)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

APT-weighted and NOE-weighted image contrasts in glioma with different RF saturation powers based on magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry analyses

Jinyuan Zhou et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2013)

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Article Neurosciences

Nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) imaging in the human brain at 7 T

Craig K. Jones et al.

NEUROIMAGE (2013)

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Review Biophysics

Nuts and bolts of chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI

Guanshu Liu et al.

NMR IN BIOMEDICINE (2013)

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Review Engineering, Biomedical

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) and MR Z-spectroscopy in vivo: a review of theoretical approaches and methods

Moritz Zaiss et al.

PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY (2013)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

In vivo three-dimensional whole-brain pulsed steady-state chemical exchange saturation transfer at 7 T

Craig K. Jones et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2012)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Keyhole chemical exchange saturation transfer

G. Varma et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2012)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

CEST phase mapping using a length and offset varied saturation (LOVARS) scheme

Xiaolei Song et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2012)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Quantitative separation of CEST effect from magnetization transfer and spillover effects by Lorentzian-line-fit analysis of z-spectra

Moritz Zaiss et al.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (2011)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Fast Multislice pH-Weighted Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) MRI With Unevenly Segmented RF Irradiation

Phillip Zhe Sun et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2011)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Amide Proton Transfer Imaging With Improved Robustness to Magnetic Field Inhomogeneity and Magnetization Transfer Asymmetry Using Saturation With Frequency Alternating RF Irradiation

Rachel Scheidegger et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2011)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST): What is in a Name and What Isn't?

Peter C. M. van Zijl et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2011)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Differentiation between glioma and radiation necrosis using molecular magnetic resonance imaging of endogenous proteins and peptides

Jinyuan Zhou et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2011)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Indirect Detection of Labile Solute Proton Spectra via the Water Signal Using Frequency-Labeled Exchange (FLEX) Transfer

Joshua I. Friedman et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2010)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Water Saturation Shift Referencing (WASSR) for Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) Experiments

Mina Kim et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2009)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Imaging the Tissue Distribution of Glucose in Livers Using A PARACEST Sensor

Jimin Ren et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2008)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Sparse MRI: The application of compressed sensing for rapid MR imaging

Michael Lustig et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2007)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

T1, T2 relaxation and magnetization transfer in tissue at 3T

GJ Stanisz et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2005)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Suppression of lipid artifacts in amide proton transfer imaging

PZ Sun et al.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE (2005)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Using the amide proton signals of intracellular proteins and peptides to detect pH effects in MRI

JY Zhou et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2003)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

A new class of contrast agents for MRI based on proton chemical exchange dependent saturation transfer (CEST)

KM Ward et al.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (2000)

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