3D-hosted lithium metal anodes

Lithium metal anodes are an appealing choice for rechargeable batteries due to their exceptionally high theoretical capacity of about 3860 mA h g-1. However, the uneven plating/stripping of lithium metal anodes leads to serious dendrite growth and low coulombic efficiency, curtailing their practical applications. The 3D scaffold/host strategy emerges as a promising approach that concurrently mitigates volume changes and dendrite growth. This review provides an overview of the regulating mechanisms behind scaffold/host materials for dendrite-free applications, tracing their historical development and recent progress across five key stages: material texture selection, lithiophilic modification, structural design, multi-strategy integration, and practical implementation. Additionally, scaffold/host materials are categorized based on their material texture, with a thorough examination of their respective advantages and drawbacks. Furthermore, this tutorial outlines the obstacles and complexities associated with implementing scaffold/host strategies. Finally, the determining factors that affect the electrochemical performances of scaffold/host materials are discussed, along with possible design criteria and future development prospects. This tutorial aims to provide guidance for researchers on the design of advanced scaffold/host materials for advanced Li metal anodes for batteries. This review is organized based on the historical progress, classification, regulating mechanism of scaffolds/hosts for Li metal anodes, and their future design criteria.

Automated summary

This review provides an overview of the 3D scaffold/host strategy for lithium metal anodes, including key stages such as material texture selection, lithiophilic modification, structural design, multi-strategy integration, and practical implementation. The advantages and drawbacks of scaffold/host materials are examined, and obstacles and design criteria for implementing this strategy are outlined. The factors affecting the electrochemical performances of scaffold/host materials are discussed, along with future development prospects.