4.7 Review

Carbon dots and composite materials with excellent performances in cancer-targeted bioimaging and killing: a review

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Review Chemistry, Analytical

An overview of synthetic methods and applications of photoluminescence properties of carbon quantum dots

Pooja Rawat et al.

Summary: Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are promising carbonaceous nanomaterials with unique properties and wide applications. They are known for their excellent solubility and luminescence, and can be efficiently and economically prepared through sustainable chemical strategies. Recent advances have been made in the photoluminescence applications of CQDs in chemical and biological fields.

LUMINESCENCE (2023)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Indocyanine green derived carbon dots with significantly enhanced properties for efficient photothermal therapy

Yuxiang Jiang et al.

Summary: A modified version of traditional dye indocyanine green (ICG), called indocyanine green-derived carbon dots (ICGCDs), has been synthesized through a simple hydrothermal treatment. The ICGCDs exhibit significantly improved thermal stability, anti-photobleaching, and photothermal properties compared to ICG. They show great potential as efficient NIR bioimaging and photothermal agents in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The strategy demonstrated in this study is likely to have broad applications in other systems.

NANOSCALE (2023)

Review Engineering, Biomedical

Recent Progress in Carrier-Free Nanomedicine for Tumor Phototherapy

Ying-Tao Zhong et al.

Summary: Safe and effective strategies are urgently needed to fight against various life-threatening cancers. Phototherapy, including photodynamic and photothermal therapy, is an emerging therapeutic approach that uses non-invasive irradiation to produce reactive oxygen species or elevate temperature for tumor inhibition. However, the carriers used for delivering phototherapy agents raise biosafety concerns. Carrier-free nanomedicine has gained attention due to its high drug loading, simplified synthesis, and good biocompatibility.

ADVANCED HEALTHCARE MATERIALS (2023)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Fe-Doped Carbon Dots as NIR-II Fluorescence Probe for In Vivo Gastric Imaging and pH Detection

Qiaoqiao Ci et al.

Summary: Most existing carbon dots emit in the visible/first near-infrared region, limiting their penetration depth in vivo. This study presents the development of Fe-doped carbon dots with NIR-II emission and high quantum yield, demonstrating their potential as effective probes for in vivo bioimaging in the NIR-II region.

ADVANCED SCIENCE (2023)

Article Environmental Sciences

Nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus Co-doped carbon dots-based ratiometric chemosensor for highly selective sequential detection of Al3+and Fe3+ions in logic gate, cell imaging, and real sample analysis

Sonaimuthu Mohandoss et al.

Summary: In this study, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus co-doped carbon dots (NSP-CDs) were synthesized via a one-pot hydrothermal method. The NSP-CDs exhibited excellent photoluminescent properties and high stability under different environmental conditions. They were successfully used as sensors for detecting aluminum and iron ions, with potential applications in live cell imaging and real water samples.

CHEMOSPHERE (2023)

Article Environmental Sciences

Multiple heteroatom dopant carbon dots as a novel photoluminescent probe for the sensitive detection of Cu2+and Fe3+ions in living cells and environmental sample analysis

Mohandoss Sonaimuthu et al.

Summary: Boron, phosphorous, nitrogen, and sulfur co-doped carbon dots (BP/NS-CDs) were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal process. BP/NS-CDs exhibited excellent water solubility, strong green photoluminescence, and high quantum yield. The sensor showed high selectivity and sensitivity towards Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions, making it suitable for the detection of these ions in environmental water samples.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2023)

Article Environmental Sciences

Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped photoluminescent carbon dots for highly selective and sensitive detection of Ag+ and Hg2+ ions in aqueous media: Applications in bioimaging and real sample analysis

Sonaimuthu Mohandoss et al.

Summary: In this study, photoluminescent nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon dots (NS-CDs) were synthesized from nitazoxanide and 3-mercaptopropionic acid via a one-pot hydrothermal method. The NS-CDs showed bright blue photoluminescence, excellent optical properties, good water solubility, and a high quantum yield. They were able to selectively detect Ag+/Hg2+ ions and achieve precise and quantitative detection of these ions in living cells. The system demonstrated high sensitivity and good recoveries when applied to real samples.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2023)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recent advances in fluorescence imaging-guided photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy for cancer: From near-infrared-I to near-infrared-II

Hangqi Luo et al.

Summary: Phototherapy, including photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), is widely used for cancer treatment, but conventional PTT/PDT lack disease recognition ability, resulting in limited therapeutic effects. Integrating fluorescence imaging with PTT/PDT can reveal tumor locations in real-time, enabling early diagnosis and precision treatment. The use of NIR-II fluorescence imaging with PTT/PDT can significantly improve tumor theranostics accuracy and minimize damage to normal tissues.

JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE (2023)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Bioderived Mesoporous Carbon@Tungsten Oxide Nanocomposite as a Drug Carrier Vehicle of Doxorubicin for Potent Cancer Therapy

Sneha R. Bhosale et al.

Summary: Scientists investigated the use of nanomaterials as drug carriers, developing a method to create bioderived nanostructures with mesoporous carbon nanoparticles and tungsten oxide (WO3). The nanoparticles were loaded with the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX), and their production and characterization processes were discussed. The combination of nanoparticles and bioderived carbon offers a new route for nanomedicine applications. The Carbon/WO3 composite (C@W) showed higher effectiveness due to increased surface area and active locations.

LANGMUIR (2023)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Meticulously Designed Carbon Dots as Photo-Triggered RNA-Destroyer for Evoking Pyroptosis

Lei Jiang et al.

Summary: In this study, a carbon dots (CDs)-based photosensitizer was prepared through a one-pot method using levofloxacin and neutral red. The CDs showed high reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation efficiency and utilization efficiency for photodynamic therapy. It induced pyroptotic cell death and rapid release of cytokines, making it suitable for photodynamic immunotherapy.

BIOCONJUGATE CHEMISTRY (2023)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Green Synthesis Route to Derive Carbon Quantum Dots for Bioimaging Cancer Cells

Karthiga Anpalagan et al.

Summary: This study developed a facile and rapid toasting method to prepare biocompatible carbon quantum dots (CQDs) without any additional chemicals. The CQDs derived from this method could be used for cell bioimaging and produced equally bright images as CQDs derived from the commonly used hydrothermal method.

NANOMATERIALS (2023)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Multifaceted Carbon Dots: toward pH-Responsive Delivery of 5-Fluorouracil for In Vitro Antiproliferative Activity

Navpreet Kaur et al.

Summary: The synthesis of smart hybrid material for diagnosis and treatment in nanomedicine is crucial. A simple method to synthesize blue-emissive nitrogen-doped carbon dots N@PEGCDs with enhanced biocompatibility and high fluorescence is presented. These N@PEGCDs are used as a drug carrier for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with more release at acidic pH. The mode of action of drug-loaded CD (5FU-N@PEGCDs) has been explored, showing less toxicity to normal cells compared to cancer cells.

ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS (2023)

Article Spectroscopy

Multicolor emission-based nitrogen, sulfur and boron co-doped photoluminescent carbon dots for sequential sensing of Fe3+ and cysteine: RGB color sensor and live cell imaging

Sonaimuthu Mohandoss et al.

Summary: In this study, multiple heteroatom-doped photocatalytic carbon dots were synthesized using a simple hydrothermal method, with thiourea and boric acid as precursors. The synthesized NSB-CDs exhibited excellent stability, high photostability, and tolerance to pH and ionic strength, retaining their excellent stability independent of excitation. These NSB-CDs were successfully used as a sensing platform for the detection of Fe3+ and cysteine molecules.

SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY (2023)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Multiple heteroatom-doped photoluminescent carbon dots for ratiometric detection of Hg2+ ions in cell imaging and environmental applications

Sonaimuthu Mohandoss et al.

Summary: A new photoluminescent probe based on multiple heteroatom co-doped carbon dots has been synthesized for ratiometric detection of Hg2+ ions. The probe exhibits good aqueous solubility, stability, and high quantum yield, and shows high selectivity and sensitivity towards Hg2+ ions.

ANALYTICAL METHODS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Applied

Synthesis of highly fluorescent, amine-functionalized carbon dots from biotin-modified chitosan and silk-fibroin blend for target-specific delivery of antitumor agents

Himali Horo et al.

Summary: Carbon dots (CDs) with high biocompatibility and fluorescence were synthesized from low molecular weight chitosan and silk fibroin blends. Biotin was covalently conjugated to the CDs to increase target specificity to cancer cells, and the conjugated CDs showed increased cytotoxicity and internalization in cancer cells compared to normal cells. The study demonstrates the potential of functionalized CDs as a theranostic tool for cancer treatment.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2022)

Review Environmental Sciences

Application of carbon dots and their composite materials for the detection and removal of radioactive ions: A review

Zhe Wang et al.

Summary: It is crucial to develop methods and materials for detecting and removing radioactive ions with high-heat release or long half-life. Carbon dots and their composite materials are widely used due to their plentiful raw materials, facile synthesis, functional process, unique optical property, and abundant functional groups. This review focuses on the preparation of CDs and composite materials for detecting and adsorbing radioactive ions, exploring their application in detecting uranium, iodine, europium, strontium, samarium, and more.

CHEMOSPHERE (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Carbon-Based Materials in Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapies Applied to Tumor Destruction

Karina J. Lagos et al.

Summary: Carbon-based materials show promise in cancer treatment, with potential applications in photodynamic and photothermal therapies for various types of tumors.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

Review Chemistry, Physical

Integrated therapy platform of exosomal system: hybrid inorganic/organic nanoparticles with exosomes for cancer treatment

Ming-Hsien Chan et al.

Summary: This review article focuses on the potential of using biomimetic nanoparticles derived from exosomes as drug carriers in cancer therapy, highlighting their targeting capabilities and biocompatibility. Challenges in exosome research include inefficient separation methods, difficulties in characterization/tracking, and a lack of specific biomarkers.

NANOSCALE HORIZONS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Carbon Quantum Dots-Based Nanozyme from Coffee Induces Cancer Cell Ferroptosis to Activate Antitumor Immunity

Lu Yao et al.

Summary: CQDs derived from chlorogenic acid (ChA) from coffee show promising potential as biocompatible nanozymes for anticancer therapeutics. In vivo experiments demonstrate that ChA CQDs not only significantly inhibit tumor growth but also activate systemic antitumor immune responses by recruiting immune cells.

ACS NANO (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Fluorescent Carbon Dot-Supported Imaging-Based Biomedicine: A Comprehensive Review

Le Minh Tu Phan et al.

Summary: Carbon dots are widely used as potential imaging agents for in vitro and in vivo bioimaging due to their strong fluorescence, good photostability, high water solubility, and outstanding biocompatibility. This review summarizes the development of carbon dots as fluorescence nanoprobes for various bioimaging-based applications, including imaging of different cell types and targets, sensing of metal ions and biomolecules, and guided tumor therapy. The significance of advanced CD-supported imaging-based investigations in biomedicine and the potential for further biomedical applications are discussed.

BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND APPLICATIONS (2022)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Folic acid-modified photoluminescent dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose crosslinked bionanogels for pH-controlled and tumor-targeted co-drug delivery

Malihe Pooresmaeil et al.

Summary: This study successfully fabricated a new photoluminescent bionanogel with targeted anticancer drug delivery and bioimaging potentials. The bionanogel was synthesized using low-cost black pepper-derived carbon dots and crosslinked with gelatin, and it was functionalized with folic acid. The (CDs/DCMC-Gel)-FA bionanogel exhibited excellent anticancer effect and bioimaging ability.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2022)

Article Oncology

Recent advances and trends in nanoparticles based photothermal and photodynamic therapy

Jamileh Kadkhoda et al.

Summary: Light-mediated therapies, including photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy, have been used as minimally invasive techniques for tumor ablation. The use of nanoparticles and photosensitizers as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in these therapies has shown promise in achieving successful cancer treatment. New nanoplatforms and strategies are being investigated to enhance the therapeutic effect.

PHOTODIAGNOSIS AND PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY (2022)

Article Optics

One step synthesis of efficient red emissive carbon dots and their bovine serum albumin composites with enhanced multi-photon fluorescence for in vivo bioimaging

Huiqi Zhang et al.

Summary: Efficient red emissive carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized using a one-step solvothermal treatment. The CDs exhibited high photoluminescence quantum yield and multi-photon fluorescence. Composing the CDs with BSA led to enhanced red fluorescence and particle size, enabling in vivo tumor imaging and two-photon fluorescence imaging.

LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Green-synthesized, pH-stable and biocompatible carbon nanosensor for Fe3+: An experimental and computational study

Savan K. Raj et al.

Summary: Brightly fluorescent Carbon Dots (CDs) were synthesized using green hydrothermal method. These CDs showed preferential interaction with Fe3+ and can act as nanoprobe for sensing Fe3+.

HELIYON (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Antitumor Applications of Photothermal Agents and Photothermal Synergistic Therapies

Chaowei Li et al.

Summary: Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a new tumor treatment strategy with the advantages of accuracy, ease of administration, high efficiency, and low side effects. This paper reviews the important role of photothermal transduction agents (PTAs) in PTT and discusses methods to improve photothermal conversion efficiency. The structure and characteristics of various PTAs are compared and analyzed, and the applications of photothermal synergistic therapies, including PTT combined with immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and photodynamic therapy, are reviewed.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Quercetin conjugated fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots for targeted cancer therapy application

Pitchai Chandrasekaran et al.

Summary: In this study, nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NDCDs) were developed as a drug carrier for anti-cancer drug delivery using quercetin (QC) as a model drug. The NDCDs were prepared using a simple hydrothermal method and exhibited small particle size and enhanced fluorescence properties. The NDCDs-QC conjugate showed nontoxicity to colon cancer cells and demonstrated the ability to kill cancer cells in the NDCDs-QC form. This development holds promise for drug delivery and bio-imaging in cancer therapy.

SOFT MATTER (2022)

Review Materials Science, Biomaterials

Green synthesis of multifunctional carbon quantum dots: An approach in cancer theranostics

Jalaja Prasad Malavika et al.

Summary: Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have attracted significant attention due to their unique characteristics and potential applications in diverse biomedical fields. This review comprehensively examines the different synthesis methods and raw materials used in recent years, and focuses on the potential application of CQDs in cancer theranostics, particularly in bio-imaging and targeted drug delivery.

BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES (2022)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Recent progress of carbon dots in targeted bioimaging and cancer

Cheng-Long Shen et al.

Summary: Carbon dots (CDs), a new class of carbon nanomaterials, have various structures and extraordinary physicochemical properties, making them attractive for their potential applications in targeted bioimaging and therapy in tumor theranostics. CDs have been used as highly efficient imaging agents for photoluminescence bioimaging of tumor cells. With their unique structure and properties, CDs have been integrated into various nanotheranostic strategies for diverse tumors, demonstrating excellent performances in precise targeted bioimaging and therapy. Future prospects and challenges of CDs in promising nanotheranostic strategies are also discussed.

THERANOSTICS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Carbon dot-based fluorescent antibody nanoprobes as brain tumour glioblastoma diagnostics

Mattia Ghirardello et al.

Summary: The development of efficient and sensitive tools for the detection of brain cancer is crucial due to late diagnosis and treatment ineffectiveness. This article presents a low-cost, practical, and versatile method for labeling proteins and antibodies with fluorescent carbon dots (CD) to create robust and photostable diagnostic probes. The new class of Ab-CD conjugates produced using this method was successfully applied for immunohistochemical staining of human brain tissues, validating its potential in clinical settings.

NANOSCALE ADVANCES (2022)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Near-Infrared Light-Triggered Lysosome-Targetable Carbon Dots for Photothermal Therapy of Cancer

Shaojing Zhao et al.

Summary: Carbon dots (CDs) prepared by hydrothermal treatment of coronene derivatives exhibit a high photothermal conversion efficiency at 808 nm, making them suitable as an efficient NIR light-triggered photothermal agent for effective photothermal therapy against cancer.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2021)

Article Engineering, Biomedical

Endogenous NO-releasing Carbon Nanodots for Tumor-specific Gas Therapy

Xue Liu et al.

Summary: Carbon nanodots based on L-arginine were developed for enhanced nitric oxide gas therapy for cancer, producing high levels of NO in the tumor environment rich in endogenous H2O2. The Arg-dots showed selective cytotoxicity towards tumor cells and reduced multidrug resistance effect, while maintaining biosafety in vitro and in vivo. The fluorescence property and small size of Arg-dots make them suitable for fluorescence imaging and potential renal clearance.

ACTA BIOMATERIALIA (2021)

Review Oncology

Exosome-based liquid biopsies in cancer: opportunities and challenges

W. Yu et al.

Summary: Liquid biopsy in cancer research has seen significant progress, with efforts focused on utilizing circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, and extracellular vesicles like exosomes. Exosomes, as part of the intercellular communication system, carry tumor-derived materials and can serve as stable biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of cancer.

ANNALS OF ONCOLOGY (2021)

Review Integrative & Complementary Medicine

Anticancer Activities of Ginsenosides, the Main Active Components of Ginseng

Heeok Hong et al.

Summary: Ginseng, a traditional herbal medicine, has shown promising anticancer and antimetastatic properties in modern medicine, particularly in promoting apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy. Its main bioactive component, ginsenosides, has gathered attention for its potential in cancer treatment, including synergistic effects with existing therapies.

EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (2021)

Review Oncology

Carbon Dots as Promising Tools for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy

Giuseppe Nocito et al.

Summary: Carbon Dots (CDs) are a promising type of carbon-based nanomaterials with excellent fluorescence, biocompatibility, and low cytotoxicity, making them suitable for various applications in the biomedical field. Their ease of preparation and potential applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy highlight CDs as a valuable tool in biomedicine.

CANCERS (2021)

Article Biophysics

Doped-carbon dots: Recent advances in their biosensing, bioimaging and therapy applications

Legha Ansari et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the recent developments in the use of doped-CDs for pharmaceutical and medical applications, including their applications in biological imaging, nanomedicine, and biosensing. The review also discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of doped-CD technologies in biomedical research.

COLLOIDS AND SURFACES B-BIOINTERFACES (2021)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Excitation-dependent multiple luminescence emission of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon dots for cysteine sensing, bioimaging, and photoluminescent ink applications

Sonaimuthu Mohandoss et al.

Summary: This study successfully synthesized nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon dots with excellent performance, demonstrating good selectivity and sensitivity, as well as potential applications in cell imaging.

MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Dual-stimuli responsive near-infrared emissive carbon dots/hollow mesoporous silica-based integrated theranostics platform for real-time visualized drug delivery

Zhongyin Chen et al.

Summary: The use of nanocarriers with dual pH/GSH responsive features for imaging-guided drug delivery can effectively eliminate tumor tissues while reducing side effects, providing a new strategy for cancer therapy.

NANO RESEARCH (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Sugar-originated carbon nanodots selectively damage the tumor and enhance the sensitivity of chemotherapy

Yi Wang et al.

Summary: This study developed sugar-originated carbon nanodots that can block tumor energy metabolism, inhibit tumor growth, enhance sensitivity to chemotherapy, with favorable biosafety and edibility. The advanced therapeutic carbon nanodots pave the way for future clinical applications.

NANO TODAY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Bioinspired Camellia japonica carbon dots with high near-infrared absorbance for efficient photothermal cancer therapy

Dohun Kim et al.

Summary: Bioinspired sulfur-doped CDs with strong NIR absorbance were prepared from Camellia japonica flowers for enhancing photothermal conversion efficiency in photothermal therapy. The as-prepared S-CDs showed cost-effective preparation, good water-solubility, high biocompatibility, intense NIR absorption, and excellent photothermal effect with robust photostability. An optimal low dose of S-CDs led to efficient PTT performance with a high photothermal conversion efficiency under moderate laser power for safe and effective cancer therapy.

NANOSCALE (2021)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Rapid detection of silver ions based on luminescent carbon nanodots for multicolor patterning, smartphone sensors, and bioimaging applications

Sonaimuthu Mohandoss et al.

Summary: In this study, nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon nanodots (N,S-CNDs) were successfully synthesized and applied for rapid visual sensing detection of Ag+ ions, showing high quantum yield and stability. It was found that N,S-CNDs exhibit photoluminescent color change under UV light illumination and could be used for sensitive detection of Ag+ ions in real samples.

ANALYTICAL METHODS (2021)

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Cancer antigen 125 assessment using carbon quantum dots for optical biosensing for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer

Walaa E. Omer et al.

Summary: Fluorometric quantification of biological molecules using carbon quantum dots offers a sensitive and cost-effective method for ultrasensitive optical biosensing of cancer antigen 125, with a wide range of validity and a detection limit matching standard chemiluminometric methods. The sensing mechanism is based on fluorescence quenching of CDs and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, providing an easy and efficient alternative to traditional clinical assays for CA-125 quantification.

RSC ADVANCES (2021)

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In vivo study of a novel, safe, rapid, and targeted red carbon dot probe for recognition of tumors with high expression of folate enzyme

Zhuoling Zhong et al.

Summary: Carbon dots have been shown to be an ideal biological imaging probe with advantages such as fluorescence, biocompatibility, and surface modification. Folate carbon dot conjugates have been developed for targeted tumor uptake, showing potential for clinical diagnosis and treatment of tumors.

RSC ADVANCES (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

pH and redox dual-sensitive drug delivery system constructed based on fluorescent carbon dots

Boye Zhang et al.

Summary: A pH and redox dual-responsive drug delivery system (CDs-Pt(iv)-PEG) was developed based on fluorescence carbon dots, which showed comparable cytotoxicity to cancer cells as cisplatin while reducing side effects on normal cells. This system has the potential for effective delivery of anticancer drugs and screening of cancer cells through high-contrast fluorescent imaging.

RSC ADVANCES (2021)

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