Cu-based materials: Design strategies (hollow, core-shell, and LDH), sensing performance optimization, and applications in small molecule detection

In this review, we present an overview of different methods for preparing Cu-based materials with a focus on the preparation of hollow structural materials using Kirkendall effect, Galvanic replacement reaction (GRR), and Ostwald ripening principles. We also discuss the design of complex hollow and core-shell structures using ion exchange, co-etching precipitation, sulfidation, self-template, one-pot, GRR, and ligand protection methods. Additionally, we review recent research on Cu-based LDHs and propose three synthetic strategies: hydrothermal, one-step coprecipitation, and electrodeposition. To enhance the electrochemical sensing performance of Cu -based materials, we suggest five strategies, such as maximizing specific surface area, constructing a heteroge-neous structure, optimizing electronic configuration, decorating 3D porous binder-free electrodes, defect engi-neering. Furthermore, we highlight the advanced applications of Cu-based materials in human health management, such as glucose sensing, H2O2 sensing, uric acid sensing, and dopamine sensing. Finally, we summarize the challenges encountered in the preparation of Cu-based materials and the application of biosensors and provide prospects for the future.

Automated summary

This review provides an overview of different methods for preparing Cu-based materials, including the preparation of hollow structural materials using Kirkendall effect, GRR, and Ostwald ripening principles, and the design of complex hollow and core-shell structures using ion exchange, co-etching precipitation, sulfidation methods. The synthesis strategies of Cu-based LDHs and strategies to enhance the electrochemical sensing performance of Cu-based materials are also discussed. The advanced applications of Cu-based materials in human health management, such as glucose sensing and dopamine sensing, are highlighted.