Which Mexicans Are White? Enumerator-Assigned Race in the 1930 Census and the Socioeconomic Integration of Mexican Americans

The authors explore unique complete-count data from the 1930 Census in which a respondent's race was assigned by enumerators and Mexican was one of the possible responses. Census enumerators frequently and selectively assigned a non-Mexican race-predominantly white-to US-born individuals of Mexican ancestry. As a result, using enumerator-assigned race to identify Mexican Americans misses a sizeable fraction of the relevant population and significantly understates this group's socioeconomic attainment. The propensity for Census enumerators to identify Mexican Americans as white varied enormously across US counties, and this variation is strongly associated with both the educational attainment of US-born Mexican Americans observed in the 1940 Census and the amount of return migration by Mexican immigrants during the 1930s. As such, this variation may help to identify local environments that were more favorable for the integration of Mexican Americans.

Automated summary

The authors explore complete-count data from the 1930 Census and find that Census enumerators frequently misidentified Mexican Americans as white, leading to a significant understatement of their socioeconomic attainment. The propensity for enumerators to identify Mexican Americans as white varied greatly across US counties and was associated with the educational attainment of Mexican Americans and the amount of return migration by Mexican immigrants. This variation may help identify local environments that were more favorable for the integration of Mexican Americans.