FSH preserves the viability of hypoxic granulosa cells via activating the HIF-1α-GAS6-Axl-Akt pathway

The developmental fate of ovarian follicles is primarily determined by the survival status (proliferation or apoptosis) of granulosa cells (GCs). Owing to the avascular environment within follicles, GCs are believed to live in a hypoxic niche. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) has been reported to improve GCs survival by governing hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha)-dependent hypoxia response, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Growth arrest-specific gene 6 (GAS6) is a secreted ligand of tyrosine kinase receptors, and has been documented to facilitate tumor growth. Here, we showed that the level of GAS6 was markedly increased in mouse ovarian GCs after the injection of FSH. Specifically, FSH-induced GAS6 expression was accompanied by HIF-1 alpha accumulation under conditions of hypoxia both in vivo and in vitro, whereas inhibition of HIF-1 alpha with small interfering RNAs/antagonist repressed both expression and secretion of GAS6. As such, Luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that HIF-1 alpha directly bound to a hypoxia response element site within the Gas6 promoter and contributed to the regulation of GAS6 expression in response to FSH. Notably, blockage of GAS6 and/or its receptor Axl abrogated the pro-survival effects of FSH under hypoxia. Moreover, phosphorylation of Axl by GAS6 is required for FSH-mediated Akt activation and the resultant pro-survival phenotypes. Finally, the in vitro findings were verified in vivo, which showed that FSH-induced proliferative and antiapoptotic effects in ovarian GCs were diminished after blocking GAS6/Axl using HIF-1 alpha antagonist. These findings highlight a novel function of FSH in preserving GCs viability against hypoxic stress by activating the HIF-1a-GAS6-Axl-Akt pathway.

Automated summary

This study demonstrates that FSH protects ovarian granulosa cells against hypoxic stress by activating the HIF-1α-GAS6-Axl-Akt pathway.