Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in Chilean university students: a cross-sectional study

This study aims to determine the association of adherence to the Mediterra-nean diet and its food groups with depressive symptoms in Chilean university students. The study design was cross-sectional. A total of 934 first-year stu-dents at a Chilean public university completed a self-report questionnaire. To assess adherence to Mediterranean diet, an index validated in Chile (Chilean-MDI) was used, and depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms were assessed using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Logistic regres-sion models were used to analyze the association of adherence to Mediterra-nean diet and its food groups with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms adjusted for the main confounders. Students with moderate and high adher-ence to Mediterranean diet showed lower odds of depression [DASS-21 > 5, odds ratio (OR) = 0.64; 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.47-0.88] than those with low adherence to Mediterranean diet. The consumption of 1-2 serv-ings/day of vegetables (OR = 0.63; 95%CI: 0.43-0.92), > 2 servings/week of nuts (OR = 0.41; 95%CI: 0.21-0.80), 1-2 servings/day of fruits (OR = 0.60; 95%CI: 0.42-0.85), 1-2 servings/week of fish and seafood (OR = 0.67; 95%CI: 0.48-0.94), and 1/2-3 units/week of avocado (OR = 0.67; 95%CI: 0.48-0.93) showed low odds of depressive symptoms. The consumption of whole grains and cereals (> 2 servings/day) (OR = 1.63; 95%CI: 1.02-2.61) showed the opposite association. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and consumption of fruits, vegetables, nuts, avocado, fish, and seafood are associated with a lower likelihood of depression in Chilean university students. New policies and edu-cational strategies are recommended to improve diet quality and the mental health of the entire university community.

Automated summary

This study aimed to determine the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and depressive symptoms in Chilean university students. The study found that students with moderate and high adherence to the Mediterranean diet had a lower likelihood of depression. In addition, the consumption of fruits, vegetables, nuts, avocado, fish, and seafood was also associated with lower odds of depressive symptoms.