Evaluation of Variable Application Rate of Fertilizers Based on Site-Specific Management Zones for Winter Wheat in Small-Scale Farming

China is currently experiencing a severe issue of excessive fertilization. Variable rate fertilization (VRF) technology is key to solving this issue in precision agriculture, and one way to implement VRF is through management zone (MZ) delineation. This study is aimed at evaluating the feasibility and potential benefits of VRF based on site-specific MZs in smallholder farm fields. This study determined the amounts of basal and top-dressing fertilizers in different spatial units, based on soil nutrient MZs and crop growth MZs, respectively. The potential agronomic, economic, and environmental advantages of spatial variable rate fertilization were further assessed by comparing the farmer's treatment, the expert's treatment, and the variable rate fertilization treatment based on management zones (VR-MZ). The results showed that VR-MZ reduced the use of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers by 22.90-43.95%, 59.11-100%, and 8.21-100%, respectively, and it also increased the use efficiency of N, P, and K by 12.27-28.71, 89.64-176.85, and 5.48-266.89 kg/kg, respectively, without yield loss. The net incomes of VR-MZ were 15.5-449.61 USD ha-1 higher than that of traditional spatially uniform rate fertilization. Meanwhile, less nitrous oxide emission (23.50-45.81%), ammonia volatilization (19.38-51.60%), and nitrate ion leaching amounts (28.77-53.98%) were found in VR-MZ compared to those in uniform fertilization. The results suggest that the VR-MZ has great potential for saving fertilizers, significantly increasing farmers' net income, reducing environmental pollution, and promoting the sustainable use of resources. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for exploring a VRF suitable for village-scale farming.

Automated summary

This study evaluates the feasibility and potential benefits of variable rate fertilization based on site-specific management zones. The results show that variable rate fertilization can significantly reduce fertilizer use, improve fertilizer use efficiency, increase farmers' net incomes, and reduce environmental pollution.