4.7 Review

Broodstock and seed production in biofloc technology (BFT): An updated review focused on fish and penaeid shrimp

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Feed for Nile tilapia broodstock and offspring supplemented with purified nucleotides boosts the juvenile's health, growth, and the resistance face to transport and Aeromonas hydrophila challenges

Cristian Zwetzch do Nascimento et al.

Summary: This study investigated the effects of feeding Nile tilapia broodstock and offspring with diets containing purified nucleotides on their health, growth, and resistance to challenges. The results showed that feeding the offspring with different levels of nucleotides affected their growth and survival, with those fed on 2.5 and 7.5 g NT kg -1 showing better outcomes. Additionally, the feeding of broodstock with nucleotide-enriched diets influenced the survival and vigor of the juveniles. Further analysis revealed that the supplementation of 2.5 g NT kg -1 in the diets of both broodstock and offspring resulted in larger tilapia with improved liver health and oxidative status, as well as better survival when faced with bacterial challenges.

ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2023)

Article Agricultural Engineering

Biofloc colors as an assessment tool for water quality in shrimp farming with BFT systems

Otavio Augusto Lacerda Ferreira Pimentel et al.

Summary: In shrimp farming using biofloc technology, the change in biofloc colors from green to brown reflects a shift from autotrophic to heterotrophic microbial community dominance. This study developed a standardized protocol using the microbial community color index (MCCI) to assess water quality in intensive marine shrimp farming. The MCCI was positively correlated with carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentration in the bioflocs, and negatively correlated with water transparency and green values. This method lays the foundation for a practical tool for water quality evaluation in shrimp farming.

AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING (2023)

Article Fisheries

Effects of different probiotics (Bacillus subtilis) addition strategies on a culture of Litopenaeus vannamei in biofloc technology (BFT) aquaculture system

Xi He et al.

Summary: Adding Bacillus subtilis probiotics to biofloc systems has been shown to improve water quality and enhance the growth performance of shrimp. This study evaluated the effects of different addition strategies and found that regardless of the method, adding probiotics resulted in improved growth and immune enzyme activity. Adding probiotics via the aquafeed was recommended for better results.

AQUACULTURE (2023)

Article Fisheries

Bioflocs enriched with lyophilized acai (Euterpe oleracea) improved the survival and weight gain of Litopenaeus vannamei post-larvae cultivated in the BFT system

Grecica Mariana Colombo et al.

Summary: This study evaluates the bioflocs' ability to absorb and transfer bioactive substances in acai berry and its impact on post-larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei in the BFT system. The results show that bioflocs have increased antioxidant activity at concentrations of 2.5 mg L-1 and 20.0 mg L-1 of acai, and decreased lipid peroxidation (TBARS) at a concentration of 20.0 mg L-1. Shrimp in the treatment with 20.0 mg L-1 acai exhibited higher survival rate, weight gain, and FCR.

AQUACULTURE (2023)

Article Fisheries

Synbiotics and aquamimicry as alternative microbial-based approaches in intensive shrimp farming and biofloc: Novel disruptive techniques or complementary management tools? A scientific-based overview

Mohammad Hossein Khanjani et al.

Summary: Globally, aquaculture, particularly shrimp farming, is important economically. However, traditional shrimp farming has negative environmental impacts if good management practices are not followed. To minimize these issues, the industry needs to develop and implement technologies that promote sustainable aquaculture. Biofloc technology, synbiotics, and aquamimicry are microbial-based approaches that address high yields with biosecurity and environmental practices. This article discusses their current status, principles, compares characteristics, and suggests the need for more research in synbiotics and aquamimicry.

AQUACULTURE (2023)

Article Fisheries

A detailed look at the impacts of biofloc on immunological and hematological parameters and improving resistance to diseases

Mohammad Hossein Khanjani et al.

Summary: The innate immunity of invertebrates is a valuable foundation for studying the common biological responses to environmental changes. The intensification of aquaculture has led to the overuse of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics, resulting in the emergence of resistant microbes. Biofloc technology (BFT) offers a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to disease management in aquaculture by harnessing the power of antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics.

FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY (2023)

Article Fisheries

Variation of dietary protein/lipid levels used in postlarvae of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii cultured in a biofloc system

Ricardo Perez-Velasco et al.

Summary: A 70-day experimental trial was conducted to evaluate the contribution of biofloc to the nutrition of Macrobrachium rosenbergii postlarvae. The results showed that using low concentrations of protein (20%) and lipid (5%) in biofloc feed can promote the growth and feed utilization of the prawns, as well as improve protein retention.

LATIN AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUATIC RESEARCH (2023)

Review Fisheries

The future of intensive tilapia production and the circular bioeconomy without effluents: Biofloc technology, recirculation aquaculture systems, bio-RAS, partitioned aquaculture systems and integrated multitrophic aquaculture

Sergio Zimmermann et al.

Summary: Modern tilapia farming aims to reduce water usage and fully reuse waste and effluents through circular bioeconomy. The industry is undergoing structural changes to adopt closed recirculation systems and utilize waste as nutrients, driven by concerns over diseases and market demand for sustainable aquaculture. Key innovations and trends include biofloc technology, recirculation aquaculture systems, partitioned aquaculture systems, and integrated multitrophic aquaculture. The future of tilapia culture aligns with urban agriculture and waste fermentation, promoting sustainable local models.

REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE (2023)

Article Agricultural Engineering

Production of Pacific white shrimp under different stocking density in a zero-water exchange biofloc system: Effects on water quality, zootechnical performance, and body composition

Maryam Irani et al.

Summary: This experiment compared the effects of different stocking densities on water quality, growth performance, body composition, and insulin growth factor gene expression of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp reared in a biofloc system with zero-water exchange. The results showed that water quality remained within acceptable ranges for shrimp farming. Increasing stocking density resulted in decreased weight gain ratio, specific growth rate, and increased feed conversion ratio. Insulin growth factor-1 gene expression also decreased with increasing stocking density. Final yield of shrimp increased with stocking density, reaching the highest value at the highest stocking density. Carcass composition did not significantly differ among treatments, except for lipid content. Recommended stocking density for maximum yield was 400 shrimp/m3, while a density of 100 shrimp/m3 was feasible for highest weight gain and probability of shrimp cultured in a biofloc system with zero-water exchange.

AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING (2023)

Article Fisheries

The effect of powdered activated carbon and micronizing treatment on bioflocs nitrification

Jin Mi et al.

Summary: In this study, powdered activated carbon was added to mature nitrifying bioflocs to improve their nitrification ability. Micronization and freezing treatment were also conducted. The results showed that adding 10 mg/L of powdered activated carbon improved the conversion rates of TAN, and micronization and freezing treatment significantly improved the conversion rates in all groups.

AQUACULTURE (2023)

Article Fisheries

Influence of the biofloc bacterial community on the digestive activity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Mariel Gullian-Klanian et al.

Summary: High-throughput sequencing was used to study bacterial diversity in a Biofloc aquaculture system and its effect on digestive enzyme activity in Nile tilapia. The study found that the biofloc group had higher bacterial diversity and a different composition compared to the control group. Certain bacterial genera correlated significantly with enzyme activity. The biofloc microbiota provided enzymes that improved digestion and nutrient assimilation in the fish.

AQUACULTURE (2023)

Article Fisheries

Growth, survival, and osmo-ionic regulation in post larval and juvenile Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus, reared under three levels of salinity in a semifloc system

P. S. Shyne Anand et al.

Summary: This study examined the effects of salinity on the post-larval, nursery, and grow-out phases of Penaeus indicus through three sets of experiments. The results showed that the larvae adapted best to 25 ppt, and the juvenile shrimp also performed best at 25 ppt. However, different salinity levels had significant effects on the growth, ion concentration, and organ structure of the shrimp in the nursery rearing and osmo-ionic regulatory mechanism experiments.

AQUACULTURE (2023)

Review Fisheries

Biofloc: A sustainable dietary supplement, nutritional value and functional properties

Mohammad Hossein Khanjani et al.

Summary: Finding high-value alternative protein sources for sparing fish meal in aquafeeds is essential for sustainable development in aquaculture. Recent research suggests that biofloc can be a promising option due to its protein and lipid content, as well as its beneficial microorganisms and nutrients. Incorporating biofloc into feeds can improve growth, feed efficiency, and immune health.

AQUACULTURE (2023)

Article Fisheries

Production performance, fillet quality and cost effectiveness of red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) culture in different biofloc systems

Julie Ekasari et al.

Summary: This study compared the production performance and flesh quality of red tilapia in biofloc systems with and without a settlement tank. The results showed that the addition of a settlement tank improved the production performance slightly, but also increased the investment and operation costs by 17%. Therefore, the use of a settlement tank is not yet profitable for commercial production of red tilapia.

AQUACULTURE (2023)

Review Fisheries

Optimized Utilization of Organic Carbon in Aquaculture Biofloc Systems: A Review

Changwei Li et al.

Summary: This review discusses the optimization of carbon utilization in Biofloc Technology (BFT) and concludes that it is still in the early research stage. Plausible approaches for boosted carbon utilization include adopting slow-release carbon, reducing carbon input, integrating with other technologies, and enhancing interactions between functional microbes within BFT. These approaches contribute to sustainable aquaculture.

FISHES (2023)

Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Effects of different salinity levels on performance of Nile tilapia fingerlings in a biofloc culture system

Mohammad Hossein Khanjani et al.

Summary: Especially in arid regions, it is crucial to develop tilapia culture that can survive a wide range of salinities due to limited availability of fresh water. This study evaluated the growth performance of Nile tilapia in a biofloc system under three salinity levels. It was found that salinities of 4 and 8 g/L can improve water quality, growth performance, survival, and carcass composition of Nile tilapia fingerlings in the biofloc system.

ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE (2023)

Article Agricultural Engineering

Comparison between horizontal and vertical substrate in shrimp super-intensive culture in bioflocs system.

Lucas Genesio Pereira Da Silveira et al.

Summary: This study compared the effects of no artificial substrate, vertical artificial substrate, and horizontal artificial substrate on shrimp culture, and found that using vertical artificial substrate can result in higher survival rates and yields. Increasing the relative area can improve shrimp growth and survival.

AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING (2022)

Article Fisheries

Effect of organic carbon source and stocking densities on growth indices, water microflora, and immune-related genes expression of Litopenaeus vannamei Larvae in intensive culture

Zaki Z. Sharawy et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the effect of different stocking densities in a biofloc system with sugarcane bagasse as an organic carbon source on growth performance, immune response-related genes, and microbial biomass of shrimp larvae. The results showed that biofloc treatment significantly influenced the total number of heterotrophic bacteria and Vibrio spp. counts, positively impacting growth performance and disease resistance in shrimp larvae.

AQUACULTURE (2022)

Article Fisheries

Effects of diets containing β-glucan on survival, growth performance, haematological, immunity and biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings

Mohammad Hossein Khanjani et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that adding 0.2% beta-glucan to the diet of rainbow trout significantly improves growth performance, survival, and various haematological, immune, and biochemical parameters.

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH (2022)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Portioning of microbial waste into fish nutrition via frugal biofloc production: A sustainable paradigm for greening of environment

Reshmi Debbarma et al.

Summary: This study investigates the suitability of biofloc technology (BFT) for growing Ompok bimaculatus (pabda) seeds. The results show that BFT effectively manages nitrogenous waste and improves nitrogen retention. BFT groups outperform control groups in terms of growth, survival, and condition factor. Additionally, BFT enhances digestive enzyme activity and gut morphology.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2022)

Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Intensification of Penaeid Shrimp Culture: An Applied Review of Advances in Production Systems, Nutrition and Breeding

Mauricio G. C. Emerenciano et al.

Summary: The shrimp sector has witnessed rapid growth in recent years, with a shift towards intensified production systems. Farmers are opting for more controlled intensive systems with higher biosecurity to meet the increasing market demand and mitigate risks posed by pathogens. Nutrition and breeding play critical roles in supporting the intensification of shrimp farming. This review provides an update on current production systems and strategies, highlighting the advances made in nutrition, breeding, and pathogen surveillance in promoting intensification and super-intensive shrimp culture.

ANIMALS (2022)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Immune gene expression and antioxidant response to vitamin E enriched diets for males Litopenaeus vannamei breeder (Boone, 1931)

Grecia Montalvo et al.

Summary: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of vitamin E supplementation on sperm quantity and quality in males of Litopenaeus vannamei. The results showed that feeding shrimp with a diet supplemented with vitamin E could increase sperm quantity, but high concentrations of vitamin E might lead to oxidative stress and abnormal expression of immune genes.

COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY (2022)

Article Fisheries

Dietary inclusion of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seed to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in biofloc system: Impacts on growth, immunity, and immune-antioxidant gene expression

Chinh Le Xuan et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that rambutan seed can be used as a feed additive in Nile tilapia raised under a biofloc system, resulting in significant improvements in growth, skin mucus, serum immune parameters, and immune-antioxidants related gene expressions.

FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

Article Agricultural Engineering

Growth performance of shrimp and water quality in a freshwater biofloc system with a salinity of 5.0%o: Effects on inputs, costs and wastes discharge during grow-out culture of Litopenaeus vannamei

Hai-Hong Huang et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the effects of biofloc technology on the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei under low salinity conditions. The results showed that biofloc technology significantly improved shrimp survival rate and productivity, while reducing costs and waste discharge. It can be a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for culturing L. vannamei in low salinity environments.

AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING (2022)

Review Environmental Sciences

Integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) as an environmentally friendly system for sustainable aquaculture: functionality, species, and application of biofloc technology (BFT)

Mohammad Hossein Khanjani et al.

Summary: Aquaculture is a rapidly growing industry that plays a vital role in providing food for the increasing global population. The integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) system is a sustainable approach that simultaneously produces multiple aquaculture species using all food levels. By selecting suitable culture species and considering their appropriate population size, IMTA can improve ecosystem health and industry sustainability.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH (2022)

Review Environmental Sciences

Microbial Interactions, Growth, and Health of Aquatic Species in Biofloc Systems

Uthpala Padeniya et al.

Summary: Biofloc technology manipulates the carbon: nitrogen ratio to promote bacterial growth and convert toxic wastes into protein, improving water quality and biosecurity. Studies have shown that biofloc serves as a food source and natural probiotic, increasing the growth and immunity of aquatic species.
Article Fisheries

Biofloc as a Food Source for Banana Shrimp Fenneropenaeus merguiensis Postlarvae

Mohammad Hossein Khanjani et al.

Summary: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of wet biofloc on the water quality, feeding, growth performance, survival, and body composition of banana shrimp. The results showed that up to 50% of commercial feed can be replaced with wet biofloc without compromising the growth performance, survival, and carcass quality of the shrimp.

NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE (2022)

Article Fisheries

Sperm quality and nutritional condition related to management during prematuration of Litopenaeus setiferus (F0) males

Xurxo Barral-Pintos et al.

Summary: This study aimed to compare management strategies for prematuration of Litopenaeus setiferus male F-0 generation by evaluating sperm quality and nutritional condition. The results showed that optimal sperm quality in L. setiferus male prematuration is obtained when shrimp are held in clear water and fed with commercial pellets or maintained in a biofloc system and fed with fresh food.

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH (2022)

Review Fisheries

Functional Additives as a Boost to Reproductive Performance in Marine Fish: A Review

Marco A. Hernandez de-Dios et al.

Summary: This article reviews the use of functional food additives affecting marine fish reproductive performance, with a focus on vitamins, carotenes, fatty acids, and proteins of animal origin.

FISHES (2022)

Review Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Aquamimicry system: a sutiable strategy for shrimp aquaculture - a review

Mohammad Hossein Khanjani et al.

Summary: Shrimp culture is a profitable sector in aquaculture industry, and for its sustainable development, it is important to focus on environmental conservation. The biofloc technology (BFT) and aquamimicry system are considered reliable methods in the burgeoning development of shrimp culture. These systems provide sustainable, eco-friendly, and greener alternatives to conventional systems.

ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE (2022)

Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

The effects of different stocking densities on nursery performance of Banana shrimp (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis) reared under biofloc condition

Mohammad Hossein Khanjani et al.

Summary: The study assessed the effects of Banana shrimp stocking density on water quality, growth performance, survival rate, and body composition. The results showed that the lowest stocking density of 1000 shrimps/m(3) resulted in improved water quality, growth performance, and survival rate in a limited water exchange system.

ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE (2022)

Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Effects of using the biofloc system and eyestalk ablation on reproductive performance and egg quality of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) (Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata: Penaeidae)

Eden Magana-Gallegos et al.

Summary: The study found that females cultured in the biofloc system had a higher egg production, but similar total spawning frequency per week. Females without eyestalk ablation had the highest nutrient reserves in the hepatopancreas, while those with eyestalk ablation and cultured in biofloc or clear-water systems had lower reserves. Overall, both eyestalk ablation and pre-maturation culture conditions affected the quality of eggs in L. vannamei.

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Effects of microbubble aeration on water quality and growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in biofloc system

Yan Shin Lim et al.

Summary: This study showed that microbubble aeration can promote the growth of both biofloc and white shrimps by reducing the FCR value.

AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING (2021)

Review Microbiology

Biofloc Microbiome With Bioremediation and Health Benefits

Vikash Kumar et al.

Summary: The biofloc system is considered a cost-effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly technology that helps maintain water quality through bioremediation; the development of the microbial community in the system contributes to the overall health of aquaculture animals and enhances their resistance to pathogenic microbes.

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Mohammad Hossein Khanjani et al.

Summary: The study found that the addition of molasses every 24 hours resulted in the highest biomass and survival rate for Nile tilapia, with the highest protein content. Additionally, the digestive enzymes activities were significantly higher in the molasses-treated groups compared to the control group.

ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE (2021)

Review Fisheries

Use of biofloc technology in shrimp aquaculture: a comprehensive review, with emphasis on the last decade

Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed

Summary: The sustainability of aquaculture depends on vertical development, improving production environments, increasing productivity and enhancing aquaculture technologies; BFT as a new alternative for sustainable aquaculture can contribute to achieving food security-related goals; further research is needed on the application of BFT in shrimp farming.

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