4.5 Review

We know a lot about little and little about a lot: A contextualized scoping review on injury prevention in alpine ski racing

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Review Sport Sciences

Severe Lacerations in Alpine Ski Racing: A Case Series and Review of the Literature

William M. Holden et al.

Summary: Lacerations caused by the sharp metal edge of the ski in alpine ski racers can be potentially severe and life-threatening. This case series reports on 5 cases of severe lacerations in alpine ski racers and discusses their management and treatment.

SPORTS HEALTH-A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH (2023)

Article Sport Sciences

Altered regional 3D shear wave velocity patterns in youth competitive alpine skiers suffering from patellar tendon complaints - a prospective case-control study

Tobias Goetschi et al.

Summary: B-mode ultrasound and shear wave elastography can improve the diagnosis and early detection of patellar tendon complaints. This study demonstrates that symptomatic skiers have lower shear wave velocity (SWV) compared to asymptomatic skiers, confirming the potential of SWE as a diagnostic tool for patellar tendon complaints.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCE (2023)

Article Sport Sciences

Lumbar Multifidus Morphology in Youth Competitive Alpine Skiers and Associated Sex, Age, Biological Maturation, Trunk Stability, and Back Complaints

Daniel P. Fitze et al.

Summary: The morphology of the lumbar multifidus (LMF) is associated with trunk stability and differs between symptomatic and asymptomatic skiers.

SPORTS HEALTH-A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH (2023)

Article Biology

Deadbug Bridging Performance in 6-to 15-Year-Old Competitive Alpine Skiers-A Cross-Sectional Study

Gerda Strutzenberger et al.

Summary: This study found that female skiers under 15 years old had better trunk stabilization performance during deadbug bridging exercises compared to male skiers in the same age group, while there was no sex difference in the under 10-year-old category. The research provides sport-specific normative reference data that may be useful for researchers and sports practitioners to understand trunk stabilization abilities in young competitive alpine skiers.

BIOLOGY-BASEL (2022)

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In-Competition Severe Injury Events in Elite Alpine Ski Racing from 1997 to 2020: The Case of the Austrian Ski Team

Michael Barth et al.

Summary: This study analyzed the risk of in-competition severe injury events (SIEcomp) in elite alpine ski racing and found that female athletes had a higher risk. The study also showed an increasing trend in SIEcomp risk over the past two decades.

SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN (2022)

Article Physiology

Swiss-Ski Power Test Results in Youth Competitive Alpine Skiers Are Associated With Biological Maturation and Skiing Performance

Marie Javet et al.

Summary: This study analyzed the Swiss-Ski Power Test (SSPT) and found that it is a broadly implementable and cost-effective field test that provides a general fitness profile of youth skiers. However, the current form of the test is limited for identifying injury-relevant physical deficiencies, suggesting the need for more specific tests.

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Survey of laceration injuries experienced by US adolescent and young adult alpine skier racers during the 2018-2019 ski season

Christie M. Bielmeier et al.

Summary: Several high-profile accidents in ski racing competitions recently resulted in severe life-threatening laceration injuries. A survey conducted among US ski racers aged 10-24 during the 2018-2019 ski season found a laceration injury rate of 6.8%, with almost half of the injuries considered slight. The survey results showed no correlation between laceration injuries and slope conditions, temperature, weather, skiing activity, and ski maintenance.

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Patellar Tendon Shear Wave Velocity Is Higher and has Different Regional Patterns in Elite Competitive Alpine Skiers than in Healthy Controls

Tobias Gotschi et al.

Summary: Competitive alpine skiers experience significant forces on their bodies, particularly on the knee joint and patellar tendon, which differ from healthy controls. Understanding these differences is important for screening and prevention measures.

FRONTIERS IN BIOENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2022)

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A biomechanical analysis of skiing-related anterior cruciate ligament injuries based on biomedical imaging technology

Tianxing Gong et al.

Summary: We developed a facile and reliable method to analyze the differences between right and wrong movements during skiing and their impacts on ACL stress loading. Our results are proven to be reliable and consistent with findings obtained with other methods. This method may substitute current complex analytical methods and be easier to apply in sports-related injury-prevention applications.

MEDICAL ENGINEERING & PHYSICS (2022)

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Knowledge graph of alpine skiing events: A focus on meteorological conditions

Wei Tang et al.

Summary: In this study, the components and characteristics of alpine skiing were analyzed, and a knowledge graph of alpine skiing was constructed using multi-source data. The proposed method allows for clear representation of the comprehensive relationships between meteorological conditions and alpine skiing, providing decision support for event management.

PLOS ONE (2022)

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Medical services for sports injuries and illnesses in the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games

Peng-da Han et al.

Summary: During the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, a total of 2,897 athletes from 91 nations experienced injuries or illnesses, with 11% of athletes incurring at least one injury and about 3% having at least one illness. The highest number of injuries occurred in skating sports.

WORLD JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE (2022)

Article Sport Sciences

Side-to-side differences in knee laxity and side hop test may predispose an anterior cruciate ligament reinjury in competitive adolescent alpine skiers

Maria Westin et al.

Summary: The study found that a side-to-side difference in the side hop test and knee joint laxity can increase the risk of an ACL reinjury in competitive adolescent alpine skiers.

FRONTIERS IN SPORTS AND ACTIVE LIVING (2022)

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Best practice guidance and reporting items for the development of scoping review protocols

Micah D. J. Peters et al.

Summary: This article aims to provide detailed guidance on developing a robust scoping review protocol and highlights the importance and definition of scoping reviews. Through outlining the methods and conclusions, the authors hope that readers will understand and implement the process of developing a scoping review protocol.

JBI EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS (2022)

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Repeated practice runs during on-snow training do not generate any measurable neuromuscular alterations in elite alpine skiers

Marine Alhammoud et al.

Summary: Neuromuscular activity remains stable in elite skiers during skiing, with some localized changes.

FRONTIERS IN SPORTS AND ACTIVE LIVING (2022)

Article Sport Sciences

A screening instrument for side dominance in competitive adolescent alpine skiers

Maria Westin et al.

Summary: Previous research has shown that high school ski students injure their left ACL more often than their right ACL. A prevention program focusing on equal load to the right and left ski turns can prevent ACL injuries. Most competitive adolescent alpine skiers exhibit right-sided dominance in writing, throwing, and kicking.

FRONTIERS IN SPORTS AND ACTIVE LIVING (2022)

Article Sport Sciences

Attenuated Lower Limb Stretch-Shorten-Cycle Capacity in ACL Injured vs. Non-Injured Female Alpine Ski Racers: Not Just a Matter of Between-Limb Asymmetry

Matthew J. Jordan et al.

Summary: A retrospective analysis on routine countermovement jump testing in female elite alpine skiers revealed that ACL-reconstructed skiers may experience impaired SSC function for up to 5 years post-surgery, although limb-specific asymmetry decreases over time.

FRONTIERS IN SPORTS AND ACTIVE LIVING (2022)

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Thermoregulation and shivering responses in elite alpine skiers

Marine Alhammoud et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the thermoregulatory responses of elite alpine skiers during training sessions. It found that core temperature of skiers increased while skin temperature decreased during training, with muscle activity remaining low.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCE (2021)

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Did injury incidence in alpine ski racing change after equipment regulations? An evaluation based on the injury surveillance system of the Austrian Ski Federation

Hans-Peter Platzer et al.

Summary: The alpine competition equipment regulations implemented in 2003 did not lead to a noticeable reduction in severe injury incidence. In fact, the majority of cases showed an increase in injury rates, with only a minority showing a decrease.

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE IN SPORT (2021)

Article Orthopedics

Injury risks among elite competitive alpine skiers are underestimated if not registered prospectively, over the entire season and regardless of whether requiring medical attention

Stefan Froehlich et al.

Summary: This study investigated injuries in a national team cohort of elite alpine skiers throughout an entire season, regardless of whether they required medical attention. The risk of suffering at least one injury during the season was alarmingly high, with distinct patterns and differences observed between males and females during different periods of the season.

KNEE SURGERY SPORTS TRAUMATOLOGY ARTHROSCOPY (2021)

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Acute on-snow severe injury events in elite alpine ski racing from 1997 to 2019: the Injury Surveillance System of the Austrian Ski Federation

Michael Barth et al.

Summary: The study aimed to determine the incidence and gender-specific risk ratio of acute on-snow severe injury events in elite alpine ski racing, and found that the incidence of severe ACL injury events was higher than previously reported. Female World Cup alpine ski racers had a 1.65 times higher risk of severe ACL injury events than their male counterparts.

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Injury prevention in Super-G alpine ski racing through course design

Matthias Gilgien et al.

Summary: In Super-G alpine ski racing, course design plays a crucial role in speed control and ensuring safety. Increasing gate offset to reduce speed results in several adverse effects, while decreasing vertical gate distance is a safer method to achieve the same goal with fewer negative consequences in terms of safety.

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Different disc characteristics between young elite skiers with diverse training histories revealed with a novel quantitative magnetic resonance imaging method

K. Lagerstrand et al.

Summary: The study found significant differences in thoraco-lumbar disc characteristics between elite skiers and non-athletic controls, as well as between different types of elite skiers, which are related to training type and intensity.

EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL (2021)

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Review of physiotherapy service for athletes of 2018 Olympic Winter games: Consideration of preparation for two polyclinics

Joon Young Chang et al.

Summary: This study investigated the needs for physiotherapy services and injury rates among athletes during the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games. The majority of visits were for injuries and injury prevention. Electro-physical modalities were the most utilized service during the POG.

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Thigh muscle activation patterns and dynamic knee valgus at peak ground reaction force during drop jump landings: Reliability, youth competitive alpine skiing-specific reference values and relation to knee overuse complaints

Lynn Ellenberger et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the reliability of quantifying thigh muscle activation patterns and dynamic knee valgus during drop jump landings in youth skiers, identifying differences in muscle activation strategies between male and female skiers while showing similar knee valgus motions. Female skiers may be more prone to knee overuse complaints due to a combination of increased relative quadriceps activity and medial knee displacement.

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Modeling talent development pathways in alpine ski racers

Rhiannon L. Cowan et al.

Summary: The study showed that performance rankings in sub-elite adolescent alpine ski racing improved significantly over time, with more time spent in ski-related activities leading to greater rates of performance improvement. Additionally, an earlier age of engagement and accumulating more hours in other sports were associated with better performance.

PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE (2021)

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Perceptions of experts on key injury risk factors in alpine ski racing as a function of stakeholder role and associated level of competition

Kirsten Kiers et al.

Summary: Experts in alpine ski racing updated their priorities of perceived key injury risk factors, identifying snow-related factors as the highest priority across stakeholder roles. However, priorities varied between World Cup athletes/coaches focusing on equipment, and European Cup/FIS-race level emphasizing fatigue and physical fitness. It highlights the importance of including all stakeholders in prevention efforts tailored to specific competition levels.

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Statement on methods in sport injury research from the 1st METHODS MATTER Meeting, Copenhagen, 2019

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Compositional MRI of the anterior cruciate ligament of professional alpine ski racers: preliminary report on seasonal changes and load sensitivity

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Kathrin Steffen et al.

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Asymmetry and Thigh Muscle Coactivity in Fatigued Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Reconstructed Elite Skiers

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A Retrospective Analysis of Concurrent Pathology in ACL-Reconstructed Knees of Elite Alpine Ski Racers

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Carolin Hildebrandt et al.

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The correlation between anterior cruciate ligament injury in elite alpine skiers and their parents

Maria Westin et al.

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Investigating physical fitness and race performance as determinants for the ACL injury risk in Alpine ski racing

Kai-Uwe Schmitt et al.

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Matej Supej et al.

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Analysis of a Severe Head Injury in World Cup Alpine Skiing

Junya Yamazaki et al.

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Matthew J. Jordan et al.

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K. Schindelwig et al.

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