4.7 Review

Comprehending COVID-19 diagnostic tests and greenness assessment of its reported detection methods

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Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the development of portable diagnostic tools for detecting and controlling the spread of the disease. In this study, a smartphone-assisted Sensit Smart potentiostat was combined with a paper-based electrochemical sensor to detect SARS-CoV-2. The sensor utilized a disposable paper-based device with a modified working electrode that captures the target DNA. The developed sensor demonstrated high specificity and achieved accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2 in patient samples.

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Discovery of DNA aptamers targeting SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and protein-binding epitopes for label-free COVID-19 diagnostics

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Summary: This study aimed to develop a label-free optical aptasensor using a novel single-stranded DNA aptamer to detect the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein. The tNSP3 aptamer was identified to bind the N protein of different variants with high affinity. Utilizing tNSP3, the N protein could be detected in human saliva with a limit of detection of 4.5 nM. Mass spectrometry analysis and molecular dynamics simulation provided insights into the binding mechanism of tNSP3 with the N protein. Overall, this aptamer demonstrated potential as an analytical tool for COVID-19 diagnosis.

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Yun Zhang et al.

Summary: The development of an efficient and sensitive on-site nucleic acid testing method with SNP identification capability is urgently needed due to the large-scale pandemic and fast evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants. In this study, a multiplexed electrical detection assay based on a PNprobe functionalized FET biosensor was developed for highly sensitive and specific detection and discrimination of SARS-CoV-2 variants. The assay achieved simultaneous detection and identification of key mutations of seven SARS-CoV-2 variants within 15 minutes, with an identification accuracy of 97.1% for 70 simulated throat swab samples.

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A polyethylene glycol enhanced ligation-triggered self-priming isothermal amplification for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 D614G mutation

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Summary: We developed a PEG enhanced ligation-triggered self-priming isothermal amplification method for detecting the D614G mutation in S-glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. This method utilizes molecular crowding environment and hairpin probes to achieve efficient ligation and amplification. The resulting DNA products containing target sequence domains can be monitored in real-time fluorescence signaling. The proposed assay has a wide linear range and high sensitivity, making it a potential method for monitoring mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants.

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Development of a rapid and ultra-sensitive RNA:DNA hybrid immunocapture based biosensor for visual detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA

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Coupling immuno-magnetic capture with LC-MS/MS(MRM) as a sensitive, reliable, and specific assay for SARS-CoV-2 identification from clinical samples

Ofir Schuster et al.

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Summary: This study aimed to validate the performance criteria of the Abbott assay for SARS-CoV2 IgG detection in the South African population. The sensitivity of the Abbott and Alinity assays was found to be 69.5% and 64.8%, respectively, compared to RT-qPCR. The specificity of the Architect and Alinity assays was 95% and 90.3%, respectively. When compared to in-house ELISA assay, the sensitivity of the Abbott and Alinity assays was 94.7% and 92.5%, respectively. Based on the findings, testing for IgG after 14 days is recommended in South Africa.

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Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by antigen ELISA test is highly swayed by viral load and sample storage condition

Nihad Adnan et al.

Summary: This study investigated the correlation of Ct value, storage temperature, and conditions with SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis using a newly developed ELISA system. Results showed that the ELISA system had highest sensitivity for samples with Ct <= 30 and stored at -80 degrees C, with specificity ranging between 98.3% and 100%. Early infection phase diagnosis and lower temperature preservation of samples are crucial for rapid antigen ELISA tests.

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SARS-CoV-2 detection by targeting four loci of viral genome using graphene oxide and gold nanoparticle DNA biosensor

Arman Amani Babadi et al.

Summary: The current COVID-19 pandemic poses a serious threat to public health and calls for the development of effective detection methods. This research presents a dual-platform DNA biosensor that utilizes colorimetric assay and SERS technique for simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2 and its new variants, providing high sensitivity and rapid results.

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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction: Current Techniques, Applications, and Role in COVID-19 Diagnosis

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Fuzzy-Based PROMETHEE Method for Performance Ranking of SARS-CoV-2 IgM Antibody Tests

Ayse Arikan et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the parameters of FDA-authorized SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody tests and ranked them according to their performance levels. The results can assist decision-makers in selecting the appropriate antibody test for managing COVID-19.

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Summary: The continued circulation of SARS-CoV-2 and potential emergence of more virulent variants pose challenges to healthcare systems. Nucleic acid-based diagnostic tests are limited by specialized equipment requirements, particularly in low-resource settings. The availability of lateral flow immunoassays (LFIs) is highly appealing due to their rapid, low-cost, equipment-free nature. LFIs can serve as diagnostic tools for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antigen and measuring host immune response.

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Electrochemical Biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 cDNA Detection Using AuPs-Modified 3D-Printed Graphene Electrodes

Luiz R. G. Silva et al.

Summary: A low-cost and disposable graphene polylactic (G-PLA) 3D-printed electrode modified with gold particles (AuPs) was developed to detect the cDNA of SARS-CoV-2 and creatinine, a potential biomarker for COVID-19. The study demonstrated that this approach offers a fast, simple, and cost-effective analysis.

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Grace Kenny et al.

Summary: This study validates a quantitative multiplex serologic assay for measuring antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2, showing high sensitivity and specificity, and strong correlation with commercially available assays.

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Gopinath Ramalingam et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate commercially available RT-PCR kits for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections. The performance of seven different RT-PCR kits was analyzed, and it was found that the sensitivities and batch effects were slightly different for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swab specimens. It is recommended to examine COVID-19 kits using the currently employed kits in routine diagnosis for better efficiency.

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Summary: Researchers worldwide are intensifying efforts to control the spread of COVID-19, with a focus on finding alternative testing methods. The rapid development of immunological tests is proving to be effective in diagnosing viral infections, offering a potential solution to the challenges posed by high prices and lengthy procedures of current molecular tests.

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Praveen Rai et al.

Summary: COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that has spread globally, requiring collaborative efforts for accurate diagnosis and prevention. While RT-qPCR detection is considered the gold standard for early virus detection, challenges such as technical complexity and limited applicability have led to the development of portable POC tests.

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