Influence of LiCl on the kinetics of Mg2+ insertion into TiO2 prepared by solid-state chemical reaction

In this study, TiO2 was prepared via a solid-state chemical reaction and used as an anode for magnesium/lithium hybrid-ion batteries. The X-ray diffraction characterization of the synthesized titanium dioxide demonstrated that the material consists of 10% TiO2(B) and 90% anatase phases. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements showed the lowest charge transfer resistance and the highest capacity for batteries assembled with 9 mM LiCl because of the activation effect of the Cl- anion. In general, TiO2 as anode material in Mg2+/Li+-ion mixed solutions demonstrated sluggish electrochemical kinetics and a rate constant obtained from the EIS data of 1.05 x 10(-8) cm s(-1). From the cyclic voltammetry measurements, it was found that the capacity of the magnesium-lithium battery has more pseudocapacitance characteristics than the mixed-controlled process, as in other studies. The investigated TiO2||0.05 M Mg(ClO4)(2) + 0.009 M LiCl/AN||Mg hybrid-ion battery demonstrated a capacity of approximately 25 mAh g(-1) after 50 cycles at 35 mA g(-1) current.

Automated summary

TiO2 was prepared via a solid-state chemical reaction and used as an anode for magnesium/lithium hybrid-ion batteries. The addition of Cl- anion activated the battery, resulting in the lowest charge transfer resistance and highest capacity. However, TiO2 as an anode material exhibited sluggish electrochemical kinetics in Mg2+/Li+-ion mixed solutions.