Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries

Among various rechargeable batteries, the lithium-ion battery (LIB) stands out due to its high energy density, long cycling life, in addition to other outstanding properties. However, the capacity of LIB drops dramatically at low temperatures (LTs) below 0 degrees C, thus restricting its applications as a reliable power source for electric vehicles in cold climates and equipment used in the aerospace. The electrolyte engineering has proved to be one of the most effective approaches to mitigate LIB performance degradation at LTs. In this review, we summarize the important factors contributing to the deterioration in Li+ transport and capacity utilization at LTs while systematically categorize the solvents, salts and additives reported in the literature. Strategies to improve the Li+ transport kinetics, in the bulk electrolyte and across the interphases, are discussed. In particular, the formation mechanism of solid electrolyte interphase and its functionality for LT electrolytes are analyzed. Perspectives on the future evolution of this area are also provided.

Automated summary

The lithium-ion battery (LIB) is a highly sought-after power source due to its high energy density and long cycle life. However, its capacity drops significantly at low temperatures, restricting its applications in cold climates and aerospace equipment. This review summarizes the factors contributing to the deterioration of Li+ transport and capacity utilization at low temperatures and discusses strategies to improve Li+ transport kinetics. The formation mechanism and functionality of the solid electrolyte interphase for low-temperature electrolytes are also analyzed. Future perspectives in this field are provided.