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Thermochemical conversion of biomass to fuels and chemicals: a review of catalysts, catalyst stability, and reaction mechanisms

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TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2023.2275093

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Biomass gasification; mechanisms; stability issues; syngas conversion; tar cracking; Water-gas-shift (WGS) reaction

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This article introduces the conversion of woody biomass into synthesis gas through gasification and the use of catalysts to remove tars and adjust product ratios. Catalysts play a crucial role in all processing steps, and recent advances in catalyst development, including stability, reaction mechanisms, and structure-activity relationships, are discussed. The economic viability of biomass conversion to fuels and chemicals is also evaluated.
Woody biomass can be converted into a synthesis gas, a mixture of H2, CO, and CO2, by gasification. Removal of refractory tars, produced during biomass gasification, requires highly active catalysts that can be applied in-situ during gasification or in secondary catalytic tar cracking reactors. Subsequently, the water-gas-shift (WGS) reaction adjusts the H2 to CO ratio, prior to the synthesis of the desired products (CH4 as renewable natural gas or RNG, alcohols, hydrocarbons, and olefins). Catalysts play a pivotal role in all processing steps, with recent advances in catalyst development discussed herein with an emphasis on catalyst stability, reaction mechanisms, and structure-activity relationships. The economic viability of biomass conversion to fuels and chemicals is also reviewed and shown to be dependent on end-product, location, and government incentives.

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