☆ 4.8 Review

Oxygen reduction electrochemistry at F doped carbons: A review on the effect of highly polarized C-F bonding in catalysis and stability of fuel cell catalysts

COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS (2024)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Recent progress in heteroatom doped carbon based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in anion exchange membrane fuel cells

Rambabu Gutru et al.

Summary: Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a crucial process in various electrochemical devices, but it requires Pt-based catalysts due to significant overpotential. However, the scarcity and cost of Pt hinder the commercialization of these devices. Consequently, researchers are exploring low-cost and abundant materials such as carbon nanomaterials as alternative ORR catalysts. Recent studies have shown that chemical modification of carbon nanomaterials through doping with foreign atoms (e.g., N, S, B, F, P) can enhance their reactivity for ORR. This review comprehensively discusses different doping strategies and the electrochemical properties of heteroatom-doped carbons, aiming to guide the development of advanced non-noble catalysts for ORR.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Manipulating the interaction of Pt NPs with N-hollow carbon spheres by F-doping for boosting oxygen reduction/methanol oxidation reactions

Chaojie Lyu et al.

Summary: Highly dispersed Pt NPs anchored in hierarchically N,F co-doped hollow carbon spheres were synthesized and showed improved performance in the adsorption and transfer mechanism for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The introduction of F heteroatoms into the carbon skeleton increases the Ptx+ content in Pt species, leading to higher onset potential and half-wave potential values for the ORR. Additionally, the Pt@N,F-HCS catalyst exhibits enhanced methanol oxidation activity and CO tolerance capacity.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2023)

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Review Engineering, Chemical

Recent Progress of Non-Pt Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells

Qing Chen et al.

Summary: In recent years, non-Pt-based ORR catalysts have rapidly developed and achieved performance comparable to or even surpassing that of Pt precious metal catalysts. This paper reviews the recent research progress of non-Pt-based fuel cell ORR catalysts, discussing their synthesis methods, characterization means, optimization of performance, and application prospects. The excellent performance of these catalysts, with compositional and structural controllability, electrical conductivity, and chemical stability, is also detailed.

PROCESSES (2023)

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Article Electrochemistry

Engineering the electronic structure of Fe-N/C catalyst via fluorine self-doping for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction in liquid and all-solid-state Zn-air batteries

Tianfang Yang et al.

Summary: Heteroatom doping is an effective approach to improve the performance of Fe-N/C catalysts, and in this study, uniformly F-doped porous Fe-N/C catalysts (F-FeNC) were fabricated through the oxidation polymerization-pyrolysis method. The F-FeNC catalyst demonstrated superior oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance and excellent rate capability in alkaline media. In addition, it showed great cycle stability in both liquid-state and all-solid-state Zn-air batteries, indicating its potential in flexible electronic device applications. The engineering of active sites through F self-doping provides insights for designing multi-heteroatom doped Fe-N/C catalysts.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Cu@NC as high-performance and durable electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline membrane fuel cells

Shaik Gouse Peera et al.

Summary: Discovery of cheap transition metal-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is urgently needed to replace the traditional Pt/C catalyst. In this study, Cu nanoparticles encapsulated with nitrogen-doped carbon (Cu@NC) were synthesized and demonstrated excellent and durable ORR catalytic activity. The optimized Cu@NC catalyst exhibited superior ORR performance compared to the state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst, displaying higher onset potential and half-wave potential. Furthermore, the Cu@NC catalyst showed outstanding stability and tolerance to CO and methanol, making it a potential alternative to Pt/C catalyst for alkaline fuel cells and metal-air cell cathodes.

JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Carbon-Based Electrocatalysts for Acidic Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Pengbo Cui et al.

Summary: The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial for clean and renewable energy technologies, but the high cost and scarcity of platinum (Pt) catalysts have hindered large-scale applications. Recent breakthroughs in carbon-based metal-free electrochemical catalysts (C-MFECs) show great potential for low-cost metal-free electrocatalysts towards ORR in acidic media. This article provides a critical review on C-MFECs for ORR in acidic media, focusing on the advances in structure design and synthesis, understanding of the structure-property relationship and electrocatalytic mechanisms, and their applications in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. It also discusses current challenges and future perspectives in this emerging field.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear

Science and engineering for non-noble-metal-based electrocatalysts to boost their ORR performance: A critical review

Sanket D. Bhoyate et al.

Summary: Metal-air batteries and fuel cells heavily rely on electrocatalytic O2 activation and O2 reduction reaction (ORR) with noble metal-free materials. However, the origins of their synergistic reactivity are still unclear. Understanding the correlation between science, engineering, and activity descriptors can lead to the development of novel, affordable, and efficient catalysts.

COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear

Surface and interfacial engineering of 1D Pt-group nanostructures for catalysis

Xianxu Chu et al.

Summary: This article reviews the fantastic structural advantages and superb catalytic properties of 1D Pt-group nanostructures and highlights the role of surface and interface engineering in improving their catalytic performance. The challenges and perspectives for further optimization of 1D Pt-group nanostructures are also discussed, aiming to promote the development of more efficient catalysts in the future.

COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS (2023)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Metal-nitrogen-carbon catalysts loaded on fluorinated carbon nanotubes for efficient oxygen reduction reaction

Zhichuan Zheng et al.

Summary: In recent years, M-N-C composites have been considered as alternatives to PGM among non-precious metal catalysts due to their insufficient electrocatalytic performance and durability for ORR. This study synthesized M-N-C/F composites by loading transition metal phthalocyanine complexes onto pre-fluorinated carbon nanotubes. The obtained MnPc/FCNT800 showed competitive electrocatalytic ORR performance, outperforming the commercial Pt/C. Overall, this work opens up possibilities for electronic structure modification and design of M-N-C composites for sustainable energy applications.

ADVANCED COMPOSITES AND HYBRID MATERIALS (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Facile gas-steamed synthesis strategy of N, F co-doped defective porous carbon for enhanced oxygen-reduction performance in microbial fuel cells

Kengqiang Zhong et al.

Summary: This study reports a strategy based on ammonium fluoride gas-steaming method to enhance the structural defects and density of N, F active sites in metal-free catalysts. The results show that this method significantly improves the adsorption affinity of O2 and oxygen intermediates on the catalysts, resulting in excellent ORR catalytic activity and long-term stability. This work proposes a facile and efficient in situ gas-steaming strategy to develop metal-free cathode catalysts with superior performance.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Fluorine enhanced pyridinic-N configuration as an ultra-active site for oxygen reduction reaction in both alkaline and acidic electrolytes

Feng Zhang et al.

Summary: An ultra-active metal-free ORR electrocatalyst, F-N-AC-1000, exhibited excellent ORR performance and stability, with the incorporation of fluorine atom into the pyridinic-N configuration playing a key role in improving performance. The hierarchical pore structure with large specific surface area also contributed to the enhanced activity and faster electron and product transport. This study offers valuable insights for the design of superior metal-free ORR catalysts.

CARBON (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Copper-involved highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction in both alkaline and acidic media

Zehua Yang et al.

Summary: This study developed nitrogen-doped porous carbon catalysts with single Cu atoms and Cu clusters as active sites, showing excellent ORR performance in both alkaline and acidic media. It not only provides a simple strategy for fabricating efficient catalysts, but also identifies the great potential of Cu-based materials for ORR.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

High-loading Pt-alloy catalysts for boosted oxygen reduction reaction performance

Wei Hong et al.

Summary: To improve the performance of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) at large current density, reducing the catalyst layer thickness is an effective strategy. This study demonstrates that constructing high loading Pt-alloy catalysts on carbon can achieve this goal, although high loading might lead to particle aggregation. The H-PtNi/C catalyst with 33% Pt loading exhibits higher peak power density and mass transfer limiting current density in H-2-O-2 MEA, attributed to the thinner catalyst layer and enhanced mass transfer.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear

Recent advances in one-dimensional noble-metal-based catalysts with multiple structures for efficient fuel-cell electrocatalysis

Yangping Zhang et al.

Summary: 1D noble-metal-based catalysts (NMBCs) exhibit unique structures and superior catalytic behaviors in fuel cell reactions, but further research is needed on strategies for performance enhancement.

COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Design of Fe and Cu bimetallic integration on N and F co-doped porous carbon material for oxygen reduction reaction

Siyan Liu et al.

Summary: Fuel cells are considered to be an ideal application technology for hydrogen energy, and developing low platinum or non-platinum oxygen reduction catalysts is a research hotspot. In this study, a doped carbon-based catalyst MPFe1Cu1-850 with an ultra-thin lamellar porous structure was prepared. The catalyst exhibited good oxygen reduction reaction activity, excellent stability, and higher methanol tolerance compared to commercial Pt/C catalyst. The results suggested that high nitrogen content and the appropriate iron to copper ratio (Fe:Cu = 1:1) contributed to the enhancement of ORR activity.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2022)

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Article Electrochemistry

Nitrogen, Sulfur and Fluorine Tri-Doped Carbon Supporting Cobalt Nanoparticles for Oxygen Reduction Catalysis

Yang Guangzhi et al.

Summary: Non-precious metal catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are urgently needed in clean energy conversion systems, such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Cobalt nanoparticles supported on nitrogen, sulfur and fluorine tri-doped carbon (Co/NSF-C) exhibit excellent ORR catalysis in alkaline media. Among them, the catalyst with cobalt content of 10 wt% and prepared at 700 degrees C (Co/NSF-C700) shows the best ORR catalytic performance.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Heteroatom-Doped Metal-Free Carbon Nanomaterials as Potential Electrocatalysts

Jayeeta Chattopadhyay et al.

Summary: This review focuses on the synthesis strategies of heteroatom-doped and co-doped metal-free carbon nanomaterials, such as chemical vapor deposition, pyrolysis, and solvothermal process, and discusses their extensive applications as potential electrocatalysts. Heteroatom-incorporated nanomaterials, including nitrogen-, sulphur-, boron-, phosphorous-, etc., have shown comparative enhancement of electrocatalytic performance in water splitting, supercapacitors, and dye-sensitized solar cells.

MOLECULES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Reduced formation of peroxide and radical species stabilises iron-based hybrid catalysts in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Dongyoon Shin et al.

Summary: Incorporating Pt into FeNC catalyst enhances stability by suppressing the formation of H2O2 and inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species, while also explaining the inactivity of Pt particles towards the oxygen reduction reaction.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Facilitating the acidic oxygen reduction of Fe-N-C catalysts by fluorine-doping

Xiafang Tao et al.

Summary: The study introduces a synthetic method for fluorine-doped FeNC catalysts with improved ORR performance, showcasing higher E-1/2 values and durability. The utilization of PFTA surfactants leads to significant changes in catalyst structure, enhancing key properties such as surface area and FeNx sites.

MATERIALS HORIZONS (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Fluorination-enabled interface of PtNi electrocatalysts for high-performance high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Peng Long et al.

Summary: The use of dendritic Pt-Ni nanoparticles supported on fluorinated carbon black has been shown to significantly improve the performance and durability of HT-PEMFCs by forming a NixFy interface. This strategy effectively prevents Pt dissolution in practical fuel cells.

SCIENCE CHINA-MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A Cathode Material of Fuel Cells: F-Doped γ-Graphyne/PtPd Nanocomposite from Plasma Activation and Gamma Irradiation

Wei Wang et al.

Summary: In this study, F-doped gamma-graphyne/PtPd nanoparticle nanocomposite was successfully synthesized using plasma fluorination and gamma irradiation. It showed great potential in the field of oxygen reduction catalysis.

ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Morphological influence of graphitic carbon nanofibers by N-F dual-doping on Pt electrocatalytic activity and stability for oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Srinu Akula et al.

Summary: The morphology of carbon nanofibers and their interaction with Pt nanoparticles significantly affect the performance of fuel cell electrocatalysts. In this study, the effects of N-F co-doping on the morphology and performance of graphitic carbon nanofibers (GNFs) were investigated. The GNFs-NF-Pt catalysts exhibit enhanced oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and durability, attributed to the morphological evolution and the doped N-F heteroatoms. Among them, the H-NF-Pt catalyst shows outstanding ORR activity and electrochemical stability, with only a 20 mV loss in half-wave potential after 20,000 potential cycling. The PEMFC using H-NF-Pt as a cathode catalyst achieves a power density of 0.942 W cm(-2) at a current density of 2.50 A cm(-2) without backpressures in H-2 -O-2 feeds. The hierarchical architecture of the H-NF-Pt catalyst enables excellent performance at a minimized catalyst loading, thus reducing the overall cost of the fuel cell.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

F-doped carbon hollow nanospheres for efficient electrochemical oxygen reduction

Rong Jiang et al.

Summary: A metal-free catalyst F-CHNS-900 with a hollow nanosphere structure containing rich F atoms and highly graphitized walls has been successfully prepared through one-step pyrolysis. The F-CHNS-900 catalyst exhibits excellent performance in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with high onset potential and half-wave potential, long-term durability, and methanol tolerance, outperforming Pt/C (20 wt%). In addition, F-CHNS-900 also shows competitive ORR performance in acid media compared to Pt/C (20 wt%), and demonstrates potential application in Zn-air batteries.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Interface engineering of plasmonic induced Fe/N/C-F catalyst with enhanced oxygen catalysis performance for fuel cells application

Xue Yin et al.

Summary: In this study, the interface engineering of plasmonic induced Fe/N/C-F catalyst was demonstrated to enhance oxygen reduction performance for fuel cells applications. The strong interaction between F and Fe-N-4 active sites modified the catalyst interfacial properties, resulting in improved electronic structure and super-hydrophobicity. The hybrid contribution from active sites and carbon support efficiently optimized the three-phase microenvironment in the catalysis electrode, facilitating efficient oxygen reduction performance and practical application in fuel cells.

NANO RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

The ORR electron transfer kinetics control via Co-Nx and graphitic N sites in cobalt single atom catalysts in alkaline and acidic media

Tong Shen et al.

Summary: This study successfully enhances the activity of cobalt single atoms on carbon nanosheets by adjusting the content of different nitrogen components, leading to the construction of efficient catalysts. The research reveals that Co-N-x and graphitic N are the main active sites, and the kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media can be positively influenced by the conductivity of the catalysts.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Platinum-Containing Nanoparticles on N-Doped Carbon Supports as an Advanced Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Anastasia Alekseenko et al.

Summary: New highly active electrocatalysts were obtained by depositing bimetallic Pt-Cu nanoparticles on the surface of an N-doped carbon support. The obtained catalysts exhibit high activity and durability.

CATALYSTS (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Phosphorus-Doped Graphene Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Xinxing Zhan et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the recent development and applications of phosphorus-doped graphene (P-graphene) in oxygen reduction reactions. Various synthesis methods, ORR performance, mechanism, and applications of P-graphene as catalysts, supporting materials, and coating materials for ORR are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, the current issues and future perspectives for the development of P-graphene materials are proposed.

NANOMATERIALS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Mechanochemical Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Co-Doped Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks for Producing Electrocatalysts

Max Rautenberg et al.

Summary: Catalysts derived from pyrolysis of MOFs are potential alternatives to expensive and scarce platinum-based electrocatalysts in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. By pyrolyzing MOFs, metal and nitrogen-doped carbons can be obtained, which show electrocatalytic activity towards ORR. In addition, metal-free heteroatom-doped carbons also exhibit activity. Therefore, carbon materials with Co-N-F doping may be more promising as ORR electrocatalysts.

FRONTIERS IN CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Insight into carbon corrosion of different carbon supports for Pt-based electrocatalysts using accelerated stress tests in polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Yongzhen Qi et al.

Summary: This study investigates the lifetime and electrochemical characteristics of carbon-based catalyst supports and Pt catalysts through AST tests. The performance of Pt/HSAC and Pt/GrC both decreased after AST cycles, but Pt/GrC showed better durability and less loss. Additionally, the double layer capacitance increased at the EOL for both carbon supports, which was attributed to increased contact between agglomerates and ionic materials.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear

Unconventional and scalable synthesis of non-precious metal electrocatalysts for practical proton exchange membrane and alkaline fuel cells: A solid-state co-ordination synthesis approach

Shaik Gouse Peera et al.

Summary: Synthesis of non-precious metal catalysts (NPMC) has gained significant interest due to their low cost and excellent oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity. Mechanochemical synthesis is a promising approach to synthesize cathodic ORR catalysts with simplicity, high reproducibility, and versatility. Extraordinary Fe and Co based catalysts synthesized by mechanochemical processes show superior ORR activity and cell performance compared to state-of-the-art Pt/C catalysts. Mechanochemical synthesis is recognized as an excellent and sustainable way to meet industrial demands.

COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Electrospun Nanofiber Electrodes for Boosted Performance and Durability at Lower Humidity Operation of PEM Fuel Cells

Bilal Iskandarani et al.

Summary: This study developed a fiber-based P(VDF-TrFE)/Pt/C/S-SiO2 cathode which demonstrated promising fuel cell performance at low Pt loadings, showing potential for applications under partially humidified conditions.

ENERGY & FUELS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Solid-State Synthesis of Cobalt/NCS Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Dual Chamber Microbial Fuel Cells

Shaik Ashmath et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates a sustainable synthesis method for cost-effective electrocatalysts made of earth-abundant metals as an alternative to the expensive Pt/C catalysts. Cobalt nanoparticles were synthesized through mechanochemical reaction and supported on nitrogen and sulfur doped carbons. The optimized catalyst showed acceptable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and stability, and delivered satisfactory performance in microbial fuel cells, comparable to Pt/C catalyst.

NANOMATERIALS (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Pt-Based Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Controllable Preparation and Structural Design of Catalytic Layer

Hongda Li et al.

Summary: This paper reviews the latest research progress in the controllable preparation of platinum-based ORR catalysts and structural design of catalytic layers in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The design principle of advanced platinum-based catalysts is introduced, followed by a discussion on the controllable preparation of catalyst structure, morphology, composition and support, and their influence on catalytic activity of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and overall performance of PEMFC. Additionally, the effects of optimizing the structure of the catalytic layer (CL) on the performance of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) are analyzed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of platinum-based catalysts and catalytic layer design are discussed.

NANOMATERIALS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Does the Encapsulation Strategy of Pt Nanoparticles with Carbon Layers Really Ensure Both Highly Active and Durable Electrocatalysis in Fuel Cells?

Sang Gu Ji et al.

Summary: Platinum is an essential component of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and recent studies have shown that encapsulation of platinum nanoparticles with thin carbon or silica layers can improve their durability. However, it has been found that site-blocked Pt nanoparticles exhibit unexpectedly similar or even better catalytic activity, raising questions about the nature of their catalytic sites and the origin of their prolonged durability.

ACS CATALYSIS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

MIL-88-Derived N and S Co-Doped Carbon Materials with Supplemental FeSx to Enhance the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Performance

Yu Liu et al.

Summary: The study synthesized dual-heteroatoms (N and S) co-doped electrocatalysts (FeNSC-850), showing efficient performance and high stability in the oxygen reduction reaction.

CATALYSTS (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Noble Metal-Based Catalysts with Core-Shell Structure for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Progress and Prospective

Chao Wang et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the recent progress in noble metal-based core-shell catalysts for oxygen reduction reactions in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. It highlights the effects of preparation methods, temperature, doping elements, and shell layers on the catalyst performance. The difficulties of mass production and high cost of these catalysts are also discussed. The review proposes research directions for the development of high-performance catalysts with simple synthesis and low cost.

NANOMATERIALS (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Atomically dispersed iron sites with a nitrogen-carbon coating as highly active and durable oxygen reduction catalysts for fuel cells

Shengwen Liu et al.

Summary: In this study, a highly durable and active Fe-N-C catalyst was synthesized by depositing a thin layer of nitrogen-doped carbon on the catalyst surface. The stability improvement of the catalyst can overcome the cost barriers of hydrogen fuel cells.

NATURE ENERGY (2022)

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Review Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Rational coordination regulation in carbon-based single-metal-atom catalysts for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction

Xun Cui et al.

Summary: This review critically examines the role of coordination structure in carbon-based single-metal-atom catalysts (SMACs) for efficient electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The relevance between coordination structures and intrinsic ORR activities are discussed, along with the major challenges and future perspectives in the rational design of advanced carbon-based SMACs for electrocatalytic ORR.

NANO CONVERGENCE (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear

Tailoring of electrocatalyst interactions at interfacial level to benchmark the oxygen reduction reaction

Ghulam Yasin et al.

Summary: The cathode process, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), is crucial for producing green and reliable energy from the reorganization of chemical bonds in fuel cells. However, the efficiency of ORR is limited due to various factors, including the linearity of ORR intermediates binding energies and the influences of the watery environment on active sites. Understanding the interface structures and interfacial interactions during ORR is important for developing efficient electrocatalysts.

COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Easy fabrication of a novel electro-spun PVDF-g-C3N4-Pd nanocomposite material as improved anode electrocatalyst for direct alcohol fuel cell

Bavatharani Chokkiah et al.

Summary: This study presents a simple electrospinning technique to prepare high-performance poly(vinylidene fluoride)-graphitic carbon nitride/palladium nanocomposite fibers (PVDF-g-C3N4-Pd NCFs) for methanol and ethanol electro-oxidation. The resulting NCFs exhibit favorable physicochemical properties and demonstrate superior electrocatalytic activity compared to other nanocomposite fibers, achieving high peak current densities for methanol and ethanol oxidation reactions. The PVDF-g-C3N4-Pd NCFs also show excellent mechanical and thermal stability, making them a promising candidate for high-performance portable fuel cell systems in direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs) application.

FUEL (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Optimization of platinum loading on partially fluorinated carbon catalysts for enhanced proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance

Dean E. Glass et al.

Summary: This study investigates the role of partially fluorinated carbon (CFx) supported platinum nanoparticles as electrodes in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) for hydrogen fuel cell applications. The results show that CFx, as a platinum catalyst support, exhibits better oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics compared to the widely used Vulcan Carbon (XC-72R). CFx catalysts display higher ORR kinetics at lower platinum loadings, while XC-72R displays higher kinetics at higher platinum loadings. The PEMFC tests reveal that CFx supported catalysts exhibit a 20% increase in fuel cell performance and an 11% decrease in charge transfer resistance compared to XC-72R supported catalysts. Furthermore, using CFx as the support for both anode and cathode electrodes leads to a 15% increase in power density compared to XC-72R supported catalysts.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Tuning of water distribution in the membrane electrode assembly of anion exchange membrane fuel cells using functionalized carbon additives

Jonghyun Hyun et al.

Summary: Water management is crucial for the power performance and durability of anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). This study systematically tuned the hydrophobicity of catalyst layers (CLs) to improve water management, resulting in enhanced performance and stability.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Iron Carbide Nanoparticles Embedded in Edge-Rich, N and F Codoped Graphene/Carbon Nanotubes Hybrid for Oxygen Electrocatalysis

Xiaochang Qiao et al.

Summary: This study synthesized Fe3C@N-F-GCNTs catalyst with excellent ORR and OER performance, showing potential for application in metal-air batteries.

CATALYSTS (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Non-Noble Metal Catalysts in Cathodic Oxygen Reduction Reaction of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Recent Advances

Zhuo Hao et al.

Summary: This paper systematically reviews the recent advances of single-atom catalysts (SACs) and double-atom catalysts (DACs) in the cathode ORR of PEMFCs, with emphasis on the synthesis methods and ORR performance of the catalysts. Challenges and prospects for further advancing non-noble metal catalysts in PEMFCs are provided.

NANOMATERIALS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A superior electrocatalyst toward the oxygen reduction reaction obtained by atomically dispersing copper on N, F co-doped graphene through atomic interface engineering

Jing-Ping Zhong et al.

Summary: The current work proposes an atomic interface strategy for the construction of Cu single-atom catalysts dispersed on N, F co-doped graphene, which exhibit excellent ORR activity in alkaline media. In addition, the Pt nanoparticle-decorated Cu SA-NFG catalyst displays superior performance toward methanol oxidation.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A Cathode Material of Fuel Cells: F-Doped gamma-Graphyne/PtPd Nanocomposite from Plasma Activation and Gamma Irradiation

Wei Wang et al.

Summary: In this study, F-doped gamma-graphyne/PtPd catalyst was synthesized by plasma fluorination and gamma irradiation techniques, showing promising performance in oxygen reduction catalysis and demonstrating high potential in this field.

ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Fe, Cu-codoped metal-nitrogen-carbon catalysts with high selectivity and stability for the oxygen reduction reaction

Yuemin Wang et al.

Summary: FeCu-based M-N-C catalysts exhibit higher selectivity and stability in the ORR, with lower peroxide yields compared to Fe-N-C. Additionally, FeCu-based M-N-C catalysts show only a 15 mV attenuation in their half-wave potentials after accelerated degradation tests.

CHINESE CHEMICAL LETTERS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

A review on carbon and non-precious metal based cathode catalysts in microbial fuel cells

Shaik Gouse Peera et al.

Summary: Microbial fuel cells have gained great attention as an emerging technology due to their unique advantages in treating wastewater and generating electricity. Carbon-based catalysts, especially when doped with heteroatoms and cheap metals, have been found to significantly enhance the ORR activity, providing a new direction for research.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Role of Pyridinic Nitrogen in the Mechanism of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Carbon Electrocatalysts

Kotaro Takeyasu et al.

Summary: The introduction of pyridinic nitrogen (pyri-N) into carbon-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction is considered to create new active sites. In this study, it was found that catalysts containing pyri-N molecules exhibited highest activity in acidic electrolytes, with 1,10-phenanthroline/CB showing the best performance.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2021)

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Article Electrochemistry

Mn2O3 oxide with bixbyite structure for the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media: Highly active if properly manipulated

Anna S. Ryabova et al.

Summary: This study investigated the compositional and structural factors influencing the activity of bixbyite alpha-Mn2O3 towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and its stability in alkaline solution.Furthermore, it was found that undoped alpha-Mn2O3 exhibited the highest ORR activity among the manganese oxide catalysts studied, with the (111) surface playing a key role in its high activity.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Defect-rich and metal-free N, S co-doped 3D interconnected mesoporous carbon material as an advanced electrocatalyst towards oxygen reduction reaction

Shuo Cao et al.

Summary: A new N and S dual-doped three-dimensional mesoporous carbon catalyst with excellent ORR performance has been developed, showing great potential for practical applications in energy conversion and storage devices.

CARBON (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

N, F dual-doped carbon embedded with Co&CoN paragenetic structure for oxygen electrocatalytic reduction reaction

Hui-Juan Zhang et al.

Summary: The N,F-Co&CoN@C700 prepared in this study exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction, showing high stability and methanol tolerance. The core@shell structure of the material plays a key role in enhancing its performance, outperforming commercial 40 wt% Pt/C and meeting the requirements of fuel cells.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear

Molecular-MN4 vs atomically dispersed M-N4-C electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

Anuj Kumar et al.

Summary: This article highlights the motivation for developing efficient O-2 electrocatalysts and the application of molecular electrocatalysts, pointing out the challenges in activity and durability of M-N-4-C materials, and introduces ways to optimize their performance through chemical treatment.

COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Pt/C Decorated with N-Doped Carbon Layers as a Highly Durable Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Shangyan Zhou et al.

Summary: The introduction of a nitrogen-doped carbon layer onto the Pt/C surface resulted in a significant enhancement in stability and specific activity for the Pt/C@NC-0.06 sample, compared to the pristine Pt/C catalyst. This improvement provides a promising way to enhance the electrocatalytic performance of catalysts in PEMFCs.

ENERGY & FUELS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts toward Practical Fuel Cells: Progress and Perspectives

Shahid Zaman et al.

Summary: Fuel cells show great potential as a renewable energy technology, but face challenges due to high cost and poor reliability of cathodic electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). This review emphasizes recent progress of ORR electrocatalysts in fuel cells and highlights issues with activity translation from laboratory testing to practical applications. Future efforts should focus on large-scale preparation, unified assessment criteria, advanced interpretation techniques, advanced simulation and artificial intelligence to advance efficient ORR electrocatalysts in fuel cells.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Non-PGM Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells: A DFT Study on the Effects of Fluorination of FeNx-Doped and N-Doped Carbon Catalysts

Mohamed Cherif et al.

Summary: The addition of fluorine to Fe/N/C catalysts reduces their activity, requiring two fluorine atoms to completely inhibit the catalytic activity of the FeNx sites. However, metal-free catalytic N-sites are immune to poisoning by fluorination, and most of the catalytic activity can be recovered by heating to 900 degrees C after fluorination. This research clarifies the roles of metallic and non-metallic sites in the fluorination of FeNx-doped disorganized carbon catalysts.

MOLECULES (2021)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

A review and research on fuel cell electric vehicles: Topologies, power electronic converters, energy management methods, technical challenges, marketing and future aspects

Mustafa Inci et al.

Summary: The widespread application of fuel cells in the vehicle industry is gaining attention, with potential to become an alternative to traditional vehicles in the future. However, the lack of detailed studies for researchers in this field is evident. Nevertheless, research aims to provide comprehensive publications for engineers and researchers interested in fuel cell technology.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The effect of nitrogen species on the catalytic properties of N-doped graphene

Malgorzata Skorupska et al.

Summary: In this study, a facile method was developed to obtain heavy-metal-free electrode materials with effective catalytic activity in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Nitrogen-doped graphene foams prepared at higher carbonization temperatures showed increased catalytic activity in ORR due to the presence of more active sites. The research highlights the importance of nitrogen content and carbonization temperature in improving the catalytic activity of electrode materials for ORR.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

The fluorine-doped and defects engineered carbon nanosheets as advanced electrocatalysts for oxygen electroreduction

Ying Chang et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates the scalable salt-templated synthesis of two-dimensional porous fluorine-doped carbon nanosheets, with fluoride doping and defects providing a richer density of active sites. Both F doping and defects play important roles in efficient ORR electrocatalysis, with FC structures beneficial to ORR activity.

APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL (2021)

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News Item Energy & Fuels

DIRECT ETHANOL FUEL CELLS Fluorine-doping boosts performance

Vincenzo Baglio

NATURE ENERGY (2021)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Improving Pd-N-C fuel cell electrocatalysts through fluorination-driven rearrangements of local coordination environment

Jinfa Chang et al.

Summary: Introducing F atoms into Pd/N-C catalysts modifies the local coordination environment around active sites, enhancing catalytic performance and stability for ethanol oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions.

NATURE ENERGY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Ultralow platinum loading proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Performance losses and solutions

Dustin Banham et al.

Summary: The fuel cell community has made a concerted effort to develop high activity oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts in order to reduce platinum group metal (PGM) content in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, beyond just ORR mass activity, challenges include kinetic limitations in the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) at the anode and transport limitations related to ionomer/catalyst interactions at the cathode. The critical role of the carbon support in these interactions has been revealed, emphasizing the importance of rational carbon structure design.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Selective electrochemical reduction of nitric oxide to hydroxylamine by atomically dispersed iron catalyst

Dong Hyun Kim et al.

Summary: The electrocatalytic conversion of nitrogen oxides into high-value chemicals is a promising strategy for mitigating the global nitrogen cycle imbalance. The use of iron-nitrogen-doped carbon as an efficient and durable electrocatalyst for selective reduction of nitric oxide to hydroxylamine is demonstrated in this study.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Engineering the Coordination Environment of Single Cobalt Atoms for Efficient Oxygen Reduction and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions

Tao Sun et al.

Summary: This study successfully tunes the coordination environment of Co-1-SACs to exhibit excellent ORR and HER activity in alkaline media, showing potential applications in zinc-oxygen batteries. It also provides a facile heteroatom-doping strategy for engineering desired coordination environments in SACs for efficient electrocatalysis.

ACS CATALYSIS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Nanostructured Iron Sulfide/N, S Dual-Doped Carbon Nanotube-Graphene Composites as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Gyu Sik Chae et al.

Summary: The nanostructured FeS dispersed onto N, S dual-doped carbon nanotube-graphene composite support showed significantly enhanced electrochemical performance in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). This improvement could be attributed to the synergy between the small FeS nanoparticles and the N, S-doped carbon nanotube-graphene composite support, providing high electrical conductivity, large surface area, and additional active sites. The FeS/N,S:CNT-GR catalyst exhibited a small half-wave potential of 0.827V in an alkaline electrolyte, comparable to that of commercial Pt/C.

MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Fluorine-Decorated Graphene Nanoribbons for an Anticorrosive Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell

Song Jin et al.

Summary: Fluorine-doped graphene nanoribbons were found to have a stable structure and exhibit good performance in carbon corrosion, making them suitable as support materials for electrocatalysts and cathode additives in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear

Non-precious metal electrocatalysts design for oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Recent advances, challenges and future perspectives

Maryam Kiani et al.

Summary: The development of non-precious nanomaterial-based electrocatalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is crucial for enhancing oxygen reduction reaction efficiency, stability, and cost-effectiveness. The use of fuel cells is favored due to their higher efficiency, cleanliness, and cost-effective power supply. Addressing the challenges in improving non-precious metal catalysts is essential for the future advancement of renewable energy technologies.

COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Energy & Fuels

Carbon Nanofibers as Potential Catalyst Support for Fuel Cell Cathodes: A Review

Shaik Gouse Peera et al.

Summary: PEMFCs have potential for transportation applications, but face challenges in cost and durability due to Pt/C catalysts. Recent efforts focus on developing durable carbon supports for improved performance.

ENERGY & FUELS (2021)

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Review Polymer Science

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs): Advances and Challenges

Miriam M. Tellez-Cruz et al.

Summary: The study of electrochemical catalyst conversion of renewable electricity and carbon oxides into chemical fuels is crucial for mitigating the global energy crisis. Research efforts are currently focused on developing high-performance membranes and nanomaterials with high catalytic activity to improve fuel cell performance and reduce the use of expensive platinum group metals.

POLYMERS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Multiscale structural engineering of atomically dispersed FeN4 electrocatalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Ruguang Wang et al.

Summary: The 3D metal-organic frameworks-derived Fe-N-C single-atom catalyst reported in this study enhances the site density of active Fe-N-4 moiety and facilitates mass transport, leading to excellent performance in the oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Green synthesis of nitrogen and fluorine co-doped porous carbons from sustainable coconut shells as an advanced synergistic electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction

Haitao Wang et al.

Summary: The study presents a convenient strategy to fabricate nitrogen and fluorine co-doped porous carbon catalyst using coconut shells, showing remarkable ORR catalytic performance, methanol resistance, and cycle stability, even surpassing commercial Pt/C. The sustainable and convenient strategy explored in this research offers great potential for commercial applications in fuel cells and other clean energy technologies.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T (2021)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Doping engineering on carbons as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

Ruopeng Zhao et al.

Summary: This review discusses the recent progress in using doped carbons as electrocatalysts for ORR, focusing on doping engineering, types of heteroatom doping on carbon, construction methods, as well as challenges and perspectives for future development.

FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Recent advances in the design of a high performance metal-nitrogen-carbon catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction

Cheng-Wei Ye et al.

Summary: Developing efficient cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts is crucial for the widespread application of fuel cells. Recent studies have made significant progress in designing high-performance M-N-C catalysts through strategies like increasing active site density, improving intrinsic activity, facilitating mass transfer, and avoiding linear scaling relationship.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Carbon-based single atom catalysts for tailoring the ORR pathway: a concise review

Jinwen Hu et al.

Summary: Carbon-based single-atom catalysts (C-SACs) have shown significant advantages in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) through structure modulation and dual active site synergistic catalysis to enhance catalytic selectivity and activity. Future directions include overcoming challenges in C-SACs for the ORR and promoting their industrialization.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Carbon-based metal-free electrocatalysts: from oxygen reduction to multifunctional electrocatalysis

Chuangang Hu et al.

Summary: Since the discovery of N-doped carbon nanotubes as the first carbon-based metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in 2009, C-MFECs have shown multifunctional electrocatalytic activities for various reactions. While some C-MFECs have demonstrated comparable or superior performance to those based on noble metals, further research and development are required for practical applications in energy conversion and storage. The structure-property relationship and mechanistic understanding of C-MFECs, along with current challenges and future perspectives, are key areas of focus for advancing this field.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recent advances in non-precious metal electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction in acidic media and PEMFCs: an activity, stability and mechanism study

Jiayao Cui et al.

Summary: The article discusses the current research status of PGM-free cathode catalysts for PEMFCs, focusing on the classification and characteristics of active M/N/C catalysts, analyzing the existing problems and challenges, and proposing future research directions.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A treasure map for nonmetallic catalysts: optimal nitrogen and fluorine distribution of biomass-derived carbon materials for high-performance oxygen reduction catalysts

Yaling Zhao et al.

Summary: The study synthesized nitrogen and fluorine co-doped porous carbon materials using environmentally friendly biomass, exploring the distribution pattern of the optimal catalytically active regions and demonstrating successful application in driving LEDs in a zinc-air battery configuration.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Recent progress on the synthesis and oxygen reduction applications of Fe-based single-atom and double-atom catalysts

Yan Yan et al.

Summary: Fe-based atomic catalysts show great advantages in the ORR due to high atom-utilization efficiency and well-defined active sites. The high performance is mainly attributed to the coordination condition and electronic structures. Achieving high activity and stability with a high content of metal atoms remains a major challenge.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Enhanced PEMFC durability with graphitized carbon black cathode catalyst supports under accelerated stress testing

Qiong Xue et al.

Summary: The report highlights the enhanced durability of graphitized carbon black catalyst substrates, which demonstrate superior antioxidation properties and inhibit Pt particle coarsening. This leads to a significant reduction in potential decay ratio and Pt particle growth, effectively alleviating the coalescence of Pt particles.

RSC ADVANCES (2021)

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Modifying Carbon Supports of Catalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Vehicle PEMFCs

Qiong Xue et al.

Summary: This study investigates the carbon corrosion of catalysts using the accelerated stress test method, finding that optimally graphitized carbon blacks demonstrate superior stability and antioxidation capacity. Pt catalyst supported on the selected graphitized carbon exhibits excellent performance in both RDE and MEA tests.

AUTOMOTIVE INNOVATION (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recent advances in Pt-based electrocatalysts for PEMFCs

Xuewei Zhang et al.

Summary: This article examines the advancements in Pt-based ORR electrocatalysts to enhance activity and durability, as well as compares the performance of developed electrocatalysts in MEA.

RSC ADVANCES (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Isolated single iron atoms anchored on a N, S-codoped hierarchically ordered porous carbon framework for highly efficient oxygen reduction

Xinghuan Liu et al.

Summary: Fe-SA/NSC, constructed using an in situ gas-foaming methodology, exhibits high ORR activity with superior stability and long-term cycling performance.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Untangling the respective effects of heteroatom-doped carbon materials in batteries, supercapacitors and the ORR to design high performance materials

Xin Feng et al.

Summary: Heteroatom-doped carbon materials have been widely studied for various applications such as batteries, supercapacitors, and the oxygen reduction reaction. By controlling the content and types of heteroatom-containing reagents, the physical and chemical properties of the materials can be adjusted to enhance their electrochemical performance. This review comprehensively analyzes the relevant features of HDCMs and provides guidance for the design of more efficient materials.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Non-carbon-supported single-atom site catalysts for electrocatalysis

Xiaobo Zheng et al.

Summary: This review comprehensively summarizes the recent exciting progress on non-carbon-supported SACs and their applications in electrocatalytic reactions. Eight types of non-carbon-supported SACs are categorized to show their diversity, with detailed analysis of the anchoring and stabilization mechanisms. Advanced characterization techniques for identifying and monitoring the atomic structure of SACs are highlighted, along with discussions on their applications in electrochemical energy conversion.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Review Electrochemistry

Advanced Noncarbon Materials as Catalyst Supports and Non-noble Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells and Metal-Air Batteries

Shiming Zhang et al.

Summary: This review provides a comprehensive overview and in-depth analysis of recent progress in noncarbon materials for ORR electrocatalysts, discussing their advantages and drawbacks, as well as proposing strategies to enhance electrocatalytic performance.

ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Platinum Alloy Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Advances, Challenges and Perspectives

Dezhen Wu et al.

CHEMNANOMAT (2020)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Structurally Modulated Graphitic Carbon Nanofiber and Heteroatom (N,F) Engineering toward Metal-Free ORR Electrocatalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

Srinu Akula et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Construction of 3D carbon network with N,B,F-tridoping for efficient oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysis and high performance zinc air battery

Ziyang Lu et al.

APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

An efficient metal-free bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst of carbon co-doped with fluorine and nitrogen atoms for rechargeable Zn-air battery

Ping Zhu et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Heteroatom- and metalloid-doped carbon catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: a mini-review

Shaik Gouse Peera et al.

IONICS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

N-doping induced tensile-strained Pt nanoparticles ensuring an excellent durability of the oxygen reduction reaction

Yunjie Xiong et al.

JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS (2020)

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Article Energy & Fuels

A case for the internal combustion engine powered vehicle

Olumide A. Towoju et al.

ENERGY REPORTS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Theoretical Study on a Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Nanoribbon with Edge Defects as the Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Zeming Xie et al.

ACS OMEGA (2020)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Corrosion characteristics and fuel cell performance of a cost-effective high Mn-Low Ni austenitic stainless steel as an alternative to SS 316L bipolar plate

Nitish Kumar et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Ionic liquid promoted synthesis of nitrogen, phosphorus, and fluorine triple-doped mesoporous carbon as metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction

Fengjuan Cui et al.

IONICS (2020)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Facile synthesis of fluorine-doped graphene aerogel with rich semi-ionic C-F bonds for high-performance supercapacitor application

Tianxiang Jin et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Identification of Active Sites of Pure and Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Materials for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Using Constant-Potential Calculations

Zhiyao Duan et al.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Highly Dispersed Pt Nanoparticles on N-Doped Ordered Mesoporous Carbon as Effective Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes

Yao Sheng et al.

CATALYSTS (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Modulating the local coordination environment of single-atom catalysts for enhanced catalytic performance

Xinyuan Li et al.

NANO RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Nitrogen-rich holey graphene for efficient oxygen reduction reaction

Yaru Bian et al.

CARBON (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Improved Electrocatalytic Activity and Durability of Pt Nanoparticles Supported on Boron-Doped Carbon Black

Rui Yao et al.

CATALYSTS (2020)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Highly efficient Co@NCS nanosheet electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction: An environment-friendly, low-cost and sustainable electrocatalyst

Gouse Peera Shaik et al.

MATERIALS RESEARCH BULLETIN (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Noble-Metal-Free Doped Carbon Nanomaterial Electrocatalysts

Ioanna K. Sideri et al.

CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Atomistic Insights into the Stability of Pt Single-Atom Electrocatalysts

Florian D. Speck et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Tri-(Fe/F/N)-doped porous carbons as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in both alkaline and acidic media

Yongxing Diao et al.

NANOSCALE (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Durability challenges of anion exchange membrane fuel cells

William E. Mustain et al.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Iron-Nitrogen-Carbon Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Tristan Asset et al.

JOULE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A comparative study of undoped, boron-doped, and boron/fluorine dual-doped carbon nanoparticles obtained via solution plasma as catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

Chayanaphat Chokradjaroen et al.

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & FUELS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Low-loading Pt nanoparticles embedded on Ni, N-doped carbon as superior electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction

Xinliang Wang et al.

CATALYSIS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Electrochemistry

Edge-NFx (x=1 or 2) Protected Graphitic Nanoplatelets as a Stable Lithium Storage Material

Hyuk-Jun Noh et al.

BATTERIES & SUPERCAPS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Single-atom-sized Ni-N4sites anchored in three-dimensional hierarchical carbon nanostructures for the oxygen reduction reaction

Zhewei Cai et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Identification of functionality of heteroatoms in boron, nitrogen and fluorine ternary-doped carbon as a robust electrocatalyst for nitrogen reduction reaction powered by rechargeable zinc-air batteries

Quan Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Applied

Pt alloy oxygen-reduction electrocatalysts: Synthesis, structure, and property

Xiao Xia Wang et al.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Insight into the correlation of Pt-support interactions with electrocatalytic activity and durability in fuel cells

Subramaniam Jayabal et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Pt-Decorated, Nanocarbon-Intercalated, and N-Doped Graphene with Enhanced Activity and Stability for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Yuli Xiong et al.

ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Sustainable nitrogen-doped carbon electrodes for use in high-performance supercapacitors and Li-ion capacitors

Yulong Zheng et al.

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & FUELS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A nitrogen and fluorine enriched Fe/Fe3C@C oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst for anion/proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Mohanraju Karuppannan et al.

NANOSCALE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

N-, P-, and S-doped graphene-like carbon catalysts derived from onium salts with enhanced oxygen chemisorption for Zn-air battery cathodes

Xiangjun Zheng et al.

APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Boosting oxygen reduction catalysis with N, F, and S tri-doped porous graphene: Tertiary N-precursors regulates the constitution of catalytic active sites

Yi Li et al.

CARBON (2019)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Progress in Nonmetal-Doped Graphene Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Yanqiu Shao et al.

CHEMSUSCHEM (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Oxygen reduction reaction with efficient, metal-free nitrogen, fluoride-codoped carbon electrocatalysts derived from melamine hydrogen fluoride salt

Hui-Juan Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Nitrogen and fluorine hybridization state tuning in hierarchical honeycomb-like carbon nanofibers for optimized electrocatalytic ORR in alkaline and acidic electrolytes

Lei Cao et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Versatile Strategy for Tuning ORR Activity of a Single Fe-N4 Site by Controlling Electron-Withdrawing/Donating Properties of a Carbon Plane

Yeongdong Mun et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2019)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Controlling Nitrogen Doping in Graphene with Atomic Precision: Synthesis and Characterization

Tomotaroh Granzier-Nakajima et al.

NANOMATERIALS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Mn- and N- doped carbon as promising catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: Theoretical prediction and experimental validation

Kexi Liu et al.

APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Theoretical insight into the role of pyridinic nitrogen on the catalytic activity of boron-doped graphene towards oxygen reduction reaction

H. T. Larijani et al.

APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE (2019)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Carbon-based catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: A review on degradation mechanisms

Harsimranjit Singh et al.

CARBON (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Ultralow Loading and High-Performing Pt Catalyst for a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Anode Achieved by Atomic Layer Deposition

Zhongxin Song et al.

ACS CATALYSIS (2019)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Review of Metal Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: From Nanoscale Engineering to Atomic Design

Xiaoqian Wang et al.

CHEM (2019)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

A review of oxygen reduction mechanisms for metal-free carbon-based electrocatalysts

Ruguang Ma et al.

NPJ COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Tri(Fe/N/F)-doped mesoporous carbons as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

Young-Geun Lee et al.

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A review of the stability and durability of non-precious metal catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

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Degradation by Hydrogen Peroxide of Metal-Nitrogen-Carbon Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction

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Nitrogen and Phosphorus Dual-Doped Graphene/Carbon Nanosheets as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution

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Facile synthesis of nitrogen and fluorine co-doped carbon materials as efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions in air-cathode microbial fuel cells

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Effect of Transition Metals on the Structure and Performance of the Doped Carbon Catalysts Derived From Polyaniline and Melamine for ORR Application

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Surface-fluorinated graphite anode materials for Li-ion batteries

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Electrocatalytic corrosion of carbon support in PEMFC cathodes

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NMR and EPR studies of room temperature highly fluorinated graphite heat-treated under fluorine atmosphere

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Analysis of electrocatalyst degradation in PEMFC caused by cell reversal during fuel starvation

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Fluorine-introduced sp(3)-carbon sites in a nano-sized pi-electron system and their effects on the electronic properties

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