Environmental dissemination of respiratory viruses: dynamic interdependencies of respiratory droplets, aerosols, aerial particulates, environmental surfaces, and contribution of viral re-aerosolization

Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Transfer efficiency of an enveloped virus, human coronavirus 229E, from various hard surface fomites to finger pads of the hands

Charles P. Gerba et al.

Summary: Respiratory viruses can be transmitted through fomite contact, and human coronaviruses have a transfer efficiency range from 0.46% to 49.0% on various hard surfaces.

INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY (2023)

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Letter Infectious Diseases

Detection of viable SARS-CoV-2 in retrospective analysis of aerosol samples collected from hospital rooms of patients with COVID-19

Audray Fortin et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2023)

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Article Immunology

Exhaled Breath Aerosol Shedding of Highly Transmissible Versus Prior Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants

Jianyu Lai et al.

Summary: This study measured the infectivity and rate of SARS-CoV-2 shedding into exhaled breath aerosol (EBA) by individuals infected with Delta and Omicron variants. The results showed that these variants shed more viral RNA copies into EBAs compared to ancestral strains and variants not associated with increased transmissibility. Vaccinated and boosted individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 can also shed infectious viral aerosols. These findings highlight the dominant role of infectious aerosols in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

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Review Virology

Stability and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment

Yansheng Geng et al.

Summary: This study summarizes the current knowledge regarding potential mechanisms of environmental transmission of SARS-CoV-2, including surface contamination and fomite transmission, as well as the environmental factors affecting virus viability. The importance of fomite transmission, including cold-chain food transmission, in epidemics is also discussed.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2023)

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Article Virology

A comparison of transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern

S. S. Manathunga et al.

Summary: The World Health Organization has detected five Variants of Concern of SARS-CoV-2, namely Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. This study aimed to assess and compare the transmissibility of these variants in terms of basic reproduction number, time-varying reproduction number, and growth rate.

VIROLOGY JOURNAL (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Unanswered questions on the airborne transmission of COVID-19

Zhaolin Gu et al.

Summary: Policies and measures to control pandemics often fail, as the environmental drivers of transmission and infection are not well understood. This review explores the effects of atmospheric particulate properties, vortex zones, and air pollution on virus survivability and transmission. Factors such as particle size, chemical constituents, electrostatic charges, and moisture content of airborne particles have notable effects on virus transmission. Additionally, vortex zones and human thermal plumes greatly influence the aerodynamics of airborne particles, impacting virus transport. Understanding these factors may explain the positive correlations between COVID-19 infection and mortality with air pollution.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS (2023)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Expiratory Aerosol pH: The Overlooked Driver of Airborne Virus Inactivation

Beiping Luo et al.

Summary: Respiratory viruses, such as influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2, can be transmitted by the airborne route. While air filtration and ventilation can reduce virus concentration, they fail to consider the impact of aerosol acidity on virus persistence. This study finds that exhaled particles in indoor air become mildly acidic, rapidly inactivating influenza virus but requiring days for SARS-CoV-2. Manipulating aerosol pH can significantly affect virus transmission and mitigation strategies.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2023)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Detection and isolation of infectious SARS-CoV-2 omicron subvariants collected from residential settings

William B. Vass et al.

Summary: Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is the primary mode of spread, especially in enclosed and poorly ventilated spaces. This study sampled the air within residences occupied by individuals with COVID-19 and found detectable levels of the virus, with a higher detection rate in air samples collected using water condensation samplers compared to swab samples. There were no significant differences in virus detection or infectious virus quantity between areas of primary and secondary occupancy within residences.

AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2023)

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Article Mechanics

Dispersion of expectorated cough droplets with seasonal influenza in an office

Leslie K. K. Norvihoho et al.

Summary: This research investigates the effectiveness of protected occupied zone ventilation (POV) in a simplified office setting using computational fluid dynamics models. The findings suggest that different exhaust layouts and ventilation rates of POV can influence the spread of cough droplets in the office. Moreover, the placement of the exhaust outlet significantly affects indoor aerosol dispersion, with large particles unable to travel long distances and viral particles predominantly depositing on solid surfaces in various work areas.

PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (2023)

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Review Environmental Sciences

A review of methods to reduce the probability of the airborne spread of COVID-19 in ventilation systems and enclosed spaces

Gentry Berry et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted a reevaluation of how we live, with a focus on the threat of airborne transmission via ventilation systems. Researchers have explored various technologies and methods to combat this threat, but the effectiveness and safety of some of these solutions remain unclear.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

SARS-CoV-2 in residential rooms of two self-isolating persons with COVID-19

Sripriya Nannu Shankar et al.

Summary: This study conducted environmental sampling in the residential rooms of COVID-19 patients and detected viral RNA in air and surface samples, as well as viral particles in the air. Attempts to isolate the virus in cell culture were unsuccessful, highlighting the potential risk of indoor transmission.

JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Immunology

Surface and Air Contamination With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 From Hospitalized Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients in Toronto, Canada, March-May 2020

Jonathon D. Kotwa et al.

Summary: The infrequent recovery of infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus from the environment suggests that the risk to healthcare workers from air and near-patient surfaces in acute care hospital wards is likely limited.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Are there medium to short-term multifaceted effects of the airborne pollutant PM2.5 determining the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants?

Yves Muscat Baron

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has seen successive outbreaks due to more transmissible variants that can evade immunity gained from previous outbreaks. This paper explores the hypothesis that the ubiquitous airborne pollutant PM2.5 may be involved in the natural selection and emergence of variants in the short to medium term.

MEDICAL HYPOTHESES (2022)

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Letter Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Indirect transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): What do we know and what do we not know?

M. Khalid Ijaz et al.

INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY (2022)

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Review Environmental Sciences

A review on measurements of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in air in outdoor and indoor environments: Implication for airborne transmission

Adelaide Dinoi et al.

Summary: This systematic review examines the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in different environments based on 73 published papers. The results show that hospitals and healthcare settings have higher proportions and rates of positive samples, while community indoors have lower concentrations. The concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in air are highly variable and generally lower outdoors compared to indoors.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2022)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Transmission of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases in public washrooms: A systematic review

Sotiris Vardoulakis et al.

Summary: This systematic review assessed the risk of transmission of viral or bacterial infections in public washrooms through inhalation, surface contact, and faecal-oral routes. Various bacteria and viruses were found in public washrooms, posing a potential risk of infection transmission. However, few cases of infectious diseases were reported in non-healthcare environments like restaurants. Successful measures included hand hygiene, surface cleaning, and washroom maintenance to minimize the risk of infectious disease transmission.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2022)

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Article Immunology

Infectious Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Exhaled Aerosols and Efficacy of Masks During Early Mild Infection

Oluwasanmi O. Adenaiye et al.

Summary: Exhaled SARS-CoV-2 aerosols are infectious and the virus is evolving to generate more efficient aerosols. Loose-fitting masks can moderately reduce viral aerosol release, but to protect vulnerable individuals in public-facing jobs and indoor spaces, ventilation, filtration, UV air sanitation, and tight-fitting masks are needed.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 and other airborne respiratory viruses in outdoor aerosols in three Swiss cities before and during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

Yile Tao et al.

Summary: This study reveals the risk of respiratory viruses in outdoor air, particularly related to COVID-19 cases and enterovirus concentration. The findings emphasize the importance of outdoor air surveillance, especially at transportation hubs and traffic arteries.

ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Exposure to particulate matter: Direct and indirect role in the COVID-19 pandemic

Ana Santurtun et al.

Summary: Understanding the role of Particulate Matter (PM) in the COVID-19 pandemic is important for preventing outbreaks. Exposure to PM has been linked to new cases and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. PM can cause oxidative stress and inflammation in the respiratory system, and it plays a role in the expression of ACE-2 in respiratory cells. SARS-CoV-2 RNA has also been detected in PM samples from indoor and outdoor environments. If PM is confirmed as a transmission vector, prevention strategies may need to be adapted and PM sampling could indicate viral load in specific areas.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Modeling Clothing as a Vector for Transporting Airborne Particles and Pathogens across Indoor Microenvironments

Jacob Kvasnicka et al.

Summary: Evidence suggests that human exposure to airborne particles and associated contaminants, including respiratory pathogens, can persist beyond a single microenvironment. Clothing may function as a transport vector and source of secondary exposure. This study developed a modeling framework to investigate this function and found that it is theoretically possible for resuspended particles and physical contact with contaminated clothing to occasionally transmit SARS-CoV-2 between humans.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Direct and quantitative capture of viable bacteriophages from experimentally contaminated indoor air: A model for the study of airborne vertebrate viruses including SARS-CoV-2

Bahram Zargar et al.

Summary: This study utilized phages as surrogates for airborne viruses, testing two different air decontamination devices in a constructed chamber. The safe, economical, and simple technique reported here has the potential to widely investigate indoor air for virus survival and transmission, as well as assess air decontamination technologies.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Safety, tolerability and viral kinetics during SARS-CoV-2 human challenge in young adults

Ben Killingley et al.

Summary: This study establishes a new SARS-CoV-2 human challenge model and investigates the viral kinetics during primary infection. The findings have implications for public health recommendations and strategies to control the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

NATURE MEDICINE (2022)

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Review Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis

Mart M. Lamers et al.

Summary: This Review explores the recent clinical and experimental advancements in understanding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, its interactions with host cells, and the role of the immune system in the development of severe disease, with a focus on the mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated ARDS. The findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 can infect the lower respiratory tract, causing alveolar damage and dysfunctional immune responses, leading to inflammation and immunopathology. These insights may contribute to the development of new therapeutic interventions against COVID-19.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Detection and quantification of infectious severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 in diverse clinical and environmental samples

Yi-Chan Lin et al.

Summary: This study explored the potential modes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and found that large respiratory droplets and contact (direct and indirect) are important modes of transmission. The presence of infectious virus in clinical and environmental samples correlated with time since symptom onset and the ability to yield plaques in culture.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Source terms for benchmarking models of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via aerosols and droplets

Marc E. J. Stettler et al.

Royal Society Open Science (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Risk of air and surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 in isolation wards and its relationship with patient and environmental characteristics

Kailu Wang et al.

Summary: This study found that the positivity rate of SARS-CoV-2 was highest 2-3 days after patients were admitted to the isolation wards. The virus was more likely to be present on bedrails, patients' personal items, and medical equipment, while it was less likely to be detected in the air beyond 2 meters from the patients. Higher positivity rates were associated with lower environmental temperature, fever and cough on the day of sampling, lower Ct values of the latest respiratory tract tests, and pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions.

ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY (2022)

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Editorial Material Microbiology

Reduced airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 Omicron virus in Syrian hamsters

Adrianus C. M. Boon et al.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2022)

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Review Virology

Disinfection and decontamination in the context of SARS-CoV-2-specific data

Nevio Cimolai

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 is equally susceptible to approaches for disinfection and decontamination that have been previously found for other coronaviruses. Physicochemical methods such as temperature modulation, pH extremes, irradiation, and chemical treatments are necessary in addition to other prevention strategies.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Finding the infectious dose for COVID-19 by applying an airborne-transmission model to superspreader events

Mara Prentiss et al.

Summary: This study investigates the transmission of COVID-19 through an airborne transmission model applied to five case studies. The findings suggest that transmission is airborne and superspreading events do not require high viral loads from index patients. The viral loads of index patients were consistent with values measured experimentally at the onset of symptoms.

PLOS ONE (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Modeling the impact of indoor relative humidity on the infection risk of five respiratory airborne viruses

Amar Aganovic et al.

Summary: Using a modified Wells-Riley model, this study investigated the infection risk of different respiratory viruses under various relative humidity and ventilation conditions. The results showed that increasing indoor humidity could potentially increase the infection risk for rhinovirus and adenovirus, while it may benefit influenza virus. Increasing ventilation rate could decrease the infection risk, especially when the rate is increased from low to high levels.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2022)

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Review Construction & Building Technology

SARS-CoV-2 air sampling: A systematic review on the methodologies for detection and infectivity

Priscilla G. Silva et al.

Summary: This systematic review examines the current air sampling methods for detecting SARS-CoV-2, with studies mainly focusing on indoor environments and healthcare settings. Various collection mechanisms, such as impinger, cyclone, impactor, and filters, were used, with RT-PCR being the common method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Some studies found viable viruses, emphasizing the need for a standardized protocol for sampling SARS-CoV-2 in the air.

INDOOR AIR (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Genome in the Indoor Air and High-Touch Surfaces

Iman Hadavi et al.

Summary: This study found the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genome in high-touch surfaces and indoor air of COVID-19 patient reception centers, highlighting the importance of protective measures for healthcare workers and disease transmission prevention.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Viable SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant detected in aerosols in a residential setting with a self-isolating college student with COVID-19

William B. Vass et al.

Summary: This study confirms the presence of viable SARS-CoV-2 within the residential living space of a person with COVID-19 and demonstrates the potential for transportation of virus-laden aerosols from a designated isolation suite to other areas of a single-family home.

JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 air and surface contamination in residential settings

Gil Correia et al.

Summary: This study investigated the contamination of indoor environments during the isolation of COVID-19 patients in individual houses and a nursing home. The results confirmed the presence of aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the indoor compartments of mild symptomatic patients in the absence of aerosol-generating clinical procedures.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Particulate Matter versus Airborne Viruses-Distinctive Differences between Filtering and Inactivating Air Cleaning Technologies

Andrea Burdack-Freitag et al.

Summary: The current pandemic of the SARS-CoV-2 virus necessitates measures to reduce the risk of infection. Air cleaners, including both filters and inactivating units, are recommended for decreasing viral load in rooms. However, the effectiveness of different air cleaners in reducing transmission is not well understood, requiring further investigation.

ATMOSPHERE (2022)

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Article Immunology

Environmental Persistence of Monkeypox Virus on Surfaces in Household of Person with Travel-Associated Infection, Dallas, Texas, USA, 2021

Clint N. Morgan et al.

Summary: This study conducted environmental sampling at the residence of a person with travel-associated human West African monkeypox virus. The results showed extensive contamination of MPXV-WA DNA and viable virus on different surfaces. Porous surfaces appeared to pose a higher risk of exposure to MPXV compared to nonporous surfaces, but the potential for indirect transmission was limited.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Construction & Building Technology

Antimicrobial Performance of an Innovative Technology of Atmospheric Plasma Reactors against Bioaerosols: Effectiveness in Removing Airborne Viable Viruses

Jeremie Pourchez et al.

Summary: This study evaluates the effectiveness of an innovative Atmospheric Plasma Reactor (APR) technology, which can be used in air cleaner devices, for reducing the concentration of viable airborne viruses. The results show that the APR technology can significantly reduce the virus concentration and has high virucidal activity.

BUILDINGS (2022)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A Review of Viral, Host, and Environmental Factors

Eric A. Meyerowitz et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, primarily spreads through respiratory transmission, with infectiousness peaking around a day before symptom onset. Most individuals do not transmit the virus, while a few can cause super-spreading events.

ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection?

Brittany Woodby et al.

Summary: This review explores the potential molecular mechanisms by which exposure to air pollutants affects viral infections and COVID-19 pathogenesis. The authors suggest that pollutant exposure may impact various stages of the viral life cycle, leading to altered immune responses and increased susceptibility to disease.

ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Particulate matter and SARS-CoV-2: A possible model of COVID-19 transmission

Nguyen Thanh Tung et al.

Summary: COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a global pandemic. Particulate matter (PM) may act as a carrier for SARS-CoV-2 transmission, with PM increasing the expression of ACE2 in the lungs, facilitating viral adhesion. This suggests that PM could be a direct and indirect transmission model for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2021)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Stability of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in the environment and on common touch surfaces and the influence of climatic conditions: A review

Hamada A. Aboubakr et al.

Summary: Global efforts to control the spread of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 are unprecedented, yet confirmed cases are increasing rapidly. Effective preventive measures are urgently needed, focusing on understanding the virus's transmission routes, environmental stability, and persistence on various surfaces. SARS-CoV-2 may be transmitted through the air and poses potential risks of faecal-oral, foodborne, and waterborne transmission.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2021)

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Article Immunology

Airborne Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): What We Know

Jonathan M. Samet et al.

Summary: By examining the potential airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 using a source-to-dose framework, researchers identified gaps in addressing critical questions and provided answers with policy implications. The study focused on the generation of virus-containing droplets and aerosols and the deposition of the virus in the respiratory tract of susceptible individuals.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Construction & Building Technology

Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol spread in typical classrooms

Gerhard K. Rencken et al.

Summary: Recent studies have shown that long-range spread of aerosols, specifically bio-aerosols, is responsible for infections in public spaces. Through computational fluid dynamics and experimental results, the distribution of aerosol concentration in a classroom under different ventilation conditions was explored and compared with well-mixed assumptions. Ventilation systems such as ceiling diffusers and open windows can significantly impact aerosol concentration levels at breathing height in indoor spaces.

BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Role of indoor aerosols for COVID-19 viral transmission: a review

Bo Chen et al.

Summary: The characteristics of indoor aerosol particles and their impact on human respiratory infections may increase the risk of COVID-19.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Investigation of SARS CoV-2 virus in environmental surface

Abdollah Dargahi et al.

Summary: Recent studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 can persist on environmental surfaces, with positive samples detected on surfaces such as door handles, light switches, and cupboards in hospitals, indicating the need for thorough disinfection protocols to prevent the spread of the virus.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Editorial Material Construction & Building Technology

Basic routes of transmission of respiratory pathogens-A new proposal for transmission categorization based on respiratory spray, inhalation, and touch

Yuguo Li

INDOOR AIR (2021)

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Article Virology

Tmprss2 specific miRNAs as promising regulators for SARS-CoV-2 entry checkpoint

Taruneet Kaur et al.

Summary: The study aims to computationally screen and identify potential miRNAs for early prevention of COVID-19 by suppressing Tmprss2, with in vitro experimental validation confirming silencing of Tmprss2 with certain miRNAs.

VIRUS RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Precipitation dynamics of surrogate respiratory sessile droplets leading to possible fomites

Abdur Rasheed et al.

Summary: The study investigates the deposition of droplets expelled by infected individuals on everyday surfaces, highlighting the importance of interfacial processes and crystallization dynamics in determining the final precipitation pattern and virus particle deposition.

JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Positive no-touch surfaces and undetectable SARS-CoV-2 aerosols in long-term care facilities: An attempt to understand the contributing factors and the importance of timing in air sampling campaigns

Nathan Dumont-Leblond et al.

Summary: In long-term care facilities, viral RNA was found on no-touch surfaces indicating viral dissemination through air, but airborne viral particles were not detected in air samples, suggesting limited aerosolization during sampling sessions. Further research is needed to evaluate viral viability conservation and the potential role of direct contact and aerosols in SARS-CoV-2 transmission in these institutions.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL (2021)

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Review Allergy

Environmental Determinants of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Eric B. Brandt et al.

Summary: This review critically assesses the role of environmental factors in SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 disease severity, identifies gaps in knowledge, discusses methodological challenges, and highlights the impact of lockdowns on air quality. It also focuses on ethnic and socioeconomic factors driving viral transmission related to COVID-19, and discusses the complex role of ACE2 in COVID-19 as well as future research avenues.

CURRENT ALLERGY AND ASTHMA REPORTS (2021)

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Review Environmental Sciences

SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review of indoor air sampling for virus detection

Joao Tito Borges et al.

Summary: Indoor air monitoring may be necessary post-pandemic to safeguard public health, and well-defined methods, protocols, and equipment play a crucial role in this. A literature review on indoor air sampling methods for detecting viruses, especially SARS-CoV-2, suggests that solid impactors are more effective than liquid impactors or filters, and combining various methods may be recommended for optimal efficacy.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 RNA signal in a home with COVID-19 positive occupants

Juan P. Maestre et al.

Summary: The study found that SARS-CoV-2 RNA signal can be detected at multiple locations within a COVID-19 isolation home and can persist after symptoms have resolved. The concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in dust recovered from home HVAC filters may be useful for estimating SARS-CoV-2 airborne levels in homes.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Microbicidal actives with virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and other beta- and alpha-coronaviruses and implications for future emerging coronaviruses and other enveloped viruses

M. Khalid Ijaz et al.

Summary: Mitigating the risk of acquiring coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 requires awareness of the survival of the virus on high-touch environmental surfaces and skin, and frequent use of targeted microbicides with demonstrated efficacy. Research has shown that a variety of formulated microbicides can effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, making them useful for targeted surface and hand hygiene, along with disinfection of liquids.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Review Physics, Multidisciplinary

Study on the transmission route of virus aerosol particles and control technology of air conditioning in the enclosed space

Weixue Cao et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the influence of different air conditioning systems on the spread of human exhaled pollutants, finding that the up-to-down system should be closed promptly to prevent cross-infection and the down-to-up system could create a relatively clean air area. However, the down-to-up system may not be the most suitable for individuals exposed to enclosed spaces for long periods.

EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL PLUS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Fomite Transmission, Physicochemical Origin of Virus-Surface Interactions, and Disinfection Strategies for Enveloped Viruses with Applications to SARS-CoV-2

Nicolas Castano et al.

Summary: Inanimate objects contaminated with infectious agents, known as fomites, are crucial for the spread of viruses, requiring urgent and effective surface disinfection strategies. Understanding the physicochemical processes underlying virus transmission and developing intervention methods is essential for intercepting disease spread. The review focuses on SARS-CoV-2 and identifies gaps in knowledge, aiming to provide readers with a broad survey of fomite transmission challenges.

ACS OMEGA (2021)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Risks of Infection with SARS-CoV-2 Due to Contaminated Surfaces: A Scoping Review

Marjan Mohamadi et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 outbreak is a global health concern that requires understanding of the virus transmission modes to limit the spread. Recent conflicting findings on the transmission and infection risk of SARS-CoV-2 through contaminated surfaces highlight the need for further evaluation.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH (2021)

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Editorial Material Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

SARS Wars: the Fomites Strike Back

Emanuel Goldman

Summary: Debate continues about the significance of fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2, with studies showing virus survival on surfaces not necessarily reflecting real-life conditions. Despite frequent presence of viral RNA on surfaces, tests for infectious virus are largely negative, even in hospitals with COVID-19 patients. Fomite transmission is likely a very minor component of the pandemic.

APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Control of Airborne Microorganisms by Essential Oils Released by VaxiPod

Ekaterina Mirskaya et al.

Summary: The research found promising results in using essential oils distributed by the VaxiPod device for disinfecting various surfaces and biological aerosols, showing effective microbial inactivation in indoor air. This study provides a strong basis for the further development of bioaerosol inactivating procedures and technologies for air quality control applications.

ATMOSPHERE (2021)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Multiple relationships between aerosol and COVID-19: A framework for global studies

Yaxin Cao et al.

Summary: COVID-19 pandemic has brought aerosol transmission as a significant research topic, with two main routes of human-exhaled aerosol transmission and ambient aerosol transmission. Lockdown measures have led to a significant decrease in atmospheric pollution, reducing aerosol pollution levels.

GONDWANA RESEARCH (2021)

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Editorial Material Construction & Building Technology

Hypothesis: SARS-CoV-2 transmission is predominated by the short-range airborne route and exacerbated by poor ventilation

Yuguo Li

INDOOR AIR (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Isolation of SARS-CoV-2 from the air in a car driven by a COVID patient with mild illness

John A. Lednicky et al.

Summary: The study found that minimally symptomatic individuals can potentially transmit SARS-CoV-2 via aerosolized virus in the closed space inside a car, highlighting an increased risk of virus transmission in such environments.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Immunology

The Stability of an Isolate of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Lineage in Aerosols Is Similar to 3 Earlier Isolates

Michael Schuit et al.

Summary: The study found that the stability of currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 lineages, including the B.1.1.7 lineage, in aerosols does not vary greatly, suggesting that the increased transmissibility associated with recent SARS-CoV-2 lineages is not due to enhanced survival in the environment.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

On the Mechanism of Human Saliva Interaction with Environmental Dust in Relation to Spreading of Viruses

Bekir Sami Yilbas et al.

Summary: The study shows that human saliva leaves significant residue on dust particles and remains undried for a prolonged period in indoor environments. Weak adhesion of saliva-infected dust particles on surfaces allows them to rejoin neighboring ambient air, posing a high potential for virus spreading.

LANGMUIR (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Transmissibility and transmission of respiratory viruses

Nancy H. L. Leung

Summary: Respiratory virus infections cause a significant global health problem, with different viruses varying in transmission modes and transmissibility. Understanding the relative contributions of different transmission modes is crucial for guiding the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A global association between Covid-19 cases and airborne particulate matter at regional level

Angelo Solimini et al.

Summary: The study found a positive association between air pollution levels and the number of COVID-19 cases, suggesting a possible causal relationship between particulate matter levels and the incidence of COVID-19.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Article Biology

Mechanistic theory predicts the effects of temperature and humidity on inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and other enveloped viruses

Dylan H. Morris et al.

Summary: In this study, the stability of SARS-CoV-2 on inert surfaces under different temperature and humidity conditions was measured, and a mechanistic model was developed to explain and predict how temperature and humidity affect virus inactivation. The results showed that the virus survives longest at low temperatures and extreme humidity, with implications for understanding virus transmission mechanisms and strategies to mitigate transmission risk. The mechanistic model accurately predicted measurements of five different human coronaviruses, suggesting shared mechanisms may affect stability across various viruses.

ELIFE (2021)

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Editorial Material Immunology

A Paradigm Shift to Align Transmission Routes With Mechanisms

Linsey C. Marr et al.

Summary: Current infection-control guidelines are outdated and need to be modified to more accurately describe different transmission routes in order to improve control measures for emerging more transmissible variants of SARS-CoV-2.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Impact of long-term exposure to PM2.5 and temperature on coronavirus disease mortality: observed trends in France

Anastase Tchicaya et al.

Summary: This study found significant associations between the COVID-19 mortality rate and long-term exposure to air pollution and temperature. However, these associations tended to decrease with the persistence of the pandemic and massive spread of the disease across the entire country.

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH (2021)

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Article Immunology

Viral RNA and Infectious Influenza Virus on Mobile Phones of Patients With Influenza in Hong Kong and the United States

Jingyi Xiao et al.

Summary: The research found that the presence of influenza viral RNA on mobile phones is positively correlated with the upper respiratory tract viral load of patients and negatively correlated with the age of the patients.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Letter Multidisciplinary Sciences

The human factor between airborne pollen concentrations and COVID-19 disease dynamics

Cornelia Betsch et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses

Chia C. Wang et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of traditional respiratory virus transmission pathways, highlighting the need for updates. Improved understanding of aerosol transmission through studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection calls for a reassessment of major transmission pathways for other respiratory viruses, enabling better control measures to reduce airborne transmission.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Are the Portable Air Cleaners (PAC) really effective to terminate airborne SARS-CoV-2?

Maria Rodriguez et al.

Summary: The study evaluated air and surface SARS-CoV-2 RNA contamination in households with positive patients, and the effectiveness of a portable Air Cleaner (PAC) with HEPA filter in eliminating the virus. Results showed that the use of portable HEPA cleaners had an 80% effectiveness in removing SARS-CoV-2, making it a recommended option for places with inadequate ventilation.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2021)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Why airborne transmission hasn't been conclusive in case of COVID-19? An atmospheric science perspective

Kirpa Ram et al.

Summary: Airborne transmission of COVID-19 is caused by inhalation of smaller droplets containing SARS-CoV-2, which are produced by both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals during expiratory events. Understanding the fate of these droplets in the atmosphere and the environmental factors affecting airborne transmission is crucial for developing more effective control measures.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Soap, water, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): an ancient handwashing strategy for preventing dissemination of a novel virus

M. Khalid Ijaz et al.

Summary: This review discusses the importance of hand washing with soap and water for preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2, including mechanisms of decontamination, contributions of soap components to cleansing and pathogen inactivation, importance of adherence to recommended contact times, potential effects of water temperature, differences between antimicrobial and basic soaps, comparisons with alcohol-based hand sanitizers, and advantages and limitations of different hand drying methods.

PEERJ (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Droplets and aerosols: An artificial dichotomy in respiratory virus transmission

Yannis Drossinos et al.

Summary: The categorization of droplet and airborne transmission based on a cut-off droplet diameter may not adequately characterize the infectivity of droplets. The authors propose replacing droplet and aerosol transmission with a unique airborne transmission mode to better distinguish it from contact transmission.

HEALTH SCIENCE REPORTS (2021)

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Letter Immunology

Risk for Fomite-Mediated Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Child Daycares, Schools, Nursing Homes, and Offices

Alicia N. M. Kraay et al.

Summary: Fomites may serve as a significant source of transmission risk, especially in schools and child daycares. Combining surface cleaning, decontamination, and mask wearing can help mitigate this risk.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 and Health Care Worker Protection in Low-Risk Settings: a Review of Modes of Transmission and a Novel Airborne Model Involving Inhalable Particles

X. Sophie Zhang et al.

Summary: This review examines the evidence on the mode of transmission of the novel coronavirus and appropriate personal protective equipment for healthcare workers in low-risk settings, proposing a broader definition of airborne transmission and emphasizing the importance of the nose as the main viral receptor site. Further studies, especially clinical trials, are needed to complete the picture.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Construction & Building Technology

Hand hygiene and surface cleaning should be paired for prevention of fomite transmission

Hao Lei et al.

INDOOR AIR (2020)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents

G. Kampf et al.

JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL INFECTION (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2

Renhong Yan et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

A 21st century view of infection control in everyday settings: Moving from the Germ Theory of Disease to the Microbial Theory of Health

Elizabeth A. Scott et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Genetics Reveals a Variable Infection Gradient in the Respiratory Tract

Yixuan J. Hou et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

Markus Hoffmann et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Infection and Rapid Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Ferrets

Young-Il Kim et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2020)

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Article Environmental Sciences

How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?

Lidia Morawska et al.

ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL (2020)

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Letter Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Alert for SARS-CoV-2 infection caused by fecal aerosols in rural areas in China

Xiujuan Meng et al.

INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Ozone efficacy for the control of airborne viruses: Bacteriophage and norovirus models

Marie-Eve Dubuis et al.

PLOS ONE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Presence of Influenza Virus on Touch Surfaces in Kindergartens and Primary Schools

Min Whui Fong et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Editorial Material Multidisciplinary Sciences

Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Masks and testing are necessary to combat asymptomatic spread in aerosols and droplets

Kimberly A. Prather et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Detection of air and surface contamination by SARS-CoV-2 in hospital rooms of infected patients

Po Ying Chia et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Editorial Material Environmental Sciences

Searching for SARS-COV-2 on Particulate Matter: A Possible Early Indicator of COVID-19 Epidemic Recurrence

Leonardo Setti et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals

Yuan Liu et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Stability and infectivity of coronaviruses in inanimate environments

Shi-Yan Ren et al.

WORLD JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CASES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Back to Normal: An Old Physics Route to Reduce SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in Indoor Spaces

F. Javier Garcia de Abajo et al.

ACS NANO (2020)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Hand sanitizers: A review of ingredients, mechanisms of action, modes of delivery, and efficacy against coronaviruses

Andrew P. Golin et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL (2020)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2? Evidence, prevention and control

Song Tang et al.

ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL (2020)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality

Lidia Morawska et al.

ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL (2020)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Correlation between environmental pollution indicators and COVID-19 pandemic: A brief study in Californian context

Muhammad Farhan Bashir et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2020)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Theoretical Considerations and Available Evidence

Michael Klompas et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Surface Chemistry Can Unlock Drivers of Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in a Variety of Environmental Conditions

Edris Joonaki et al.

CHEM (2020)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Reduced Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution Exposures Using In-Home Portable Air Cleaners PILOT RESULTS OF THE CARDIAC REHABILITATION AIR FILTER TRIAL (CRAFT)

Robert L. Bard et al.

JOURNAL OF CARDIOPULMONARY REHABILITATION AND PREVENTION (2020)

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Review Virology

Environmental and decontamination issues for human coronaviruses and their potential surrogates

Nevio Cimolai

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2020)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Relative contributions of transmission routes for COVID-19 among healthcare personnel providing patient care

Rachael M. Jones

JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Comparing SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV and influenza pandemics

Eskild Petersen et al.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Mechanics

Can a toilet promote virus transmission? From a fluid dynamics perspective

Yun-yun Li et al.

PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19

Renyi Zhang et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2020)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Air Pollution and COVID-19: The Role of Particulate Matter in the Spread and Increase of COVID-19's Morbidity and Mortality

Silvia Comunian et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH (2020)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Review Potential sources, modes of transmission and effectiveness of prevention measures against SARS-CoV-2

G. Kampf et al.

JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL INFECTION (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Combating SARS-CoV-2: leveraging microbicidal experiences with other emerging/re-emerging viruses

M. Khalid Ijaz et al.

PEERJ (2020)

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Article Immunology

Airborne Particulate Matter and SARS-CoV-2 Partnership: Virus Hitchhiking, Stabilization and Immune Cell Targeting - A Hypothesis

Z. Shadi Farhangrazi et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Airborne Transmission of COVID-19: Aerosol Dispersion, Lung Deposition, and Virus-Receptor Interactions

Yi Y. Zuo et al.

ACS NANO (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses on Dry Surfaces: Potential for Indirect Transmission

Max Bueckert et al.

MATERIALS (2020)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Body Localization of ACE-2: On the Trail of the Keyhole of SARS-CoV-2

Francesca Salamanna et al.

FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Viable SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID-19 patients

John A. Lednickya et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Immunology

Persistence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Aerosol Suspensions

Alyssa C. Fears et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Letter Infectious Diseases

Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions

Alex W. H. Chin et al.

LANCET MICROBE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Experimental aerosol survival of SARS-CoV-2 in artificial saliva and tissue culture media at medium and high humidity

Sophie J. Smither et al.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2020)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Controversy around airborne versus droplet transmission of respiratory viruses: implication for infection prevention

Eunice Y. C. Shiu et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2019)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Norovirus recovery from floors and air after various decontamination protocols

C. L. Ciofi-Silva et al.

JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL INFECTION (2019)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Microbial Exchange via Fomites and Implications for Human Health

Brent Stephens et al.

CURRENT POLLUTION REPORTS (2019)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Impact of a hygiene intervention on virus spread in an office building

Elkana K. Kurgat et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH (2019)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Interventions to Reduce Personal Exposures to Air Pollution A Primer for Health Care Providers

Robert L. Bard et al.

GLOBAL HEART (2019)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Isolation and identification of human coronavirus 229E from frequently touched environmental surfaces of a university classroom that is cleaned daily

Tania S. Bonny et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL (2018)

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Article Construction & Building Technology

Clothing as a transport vector for airborne particles: Chamber study

D. Licina et al.

INDOOR AIR (2018)

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Article Immunology

Influenza Virus Infectivity Is Retained in Aerosols and Droplets Independent of Relative Humidity

Karen A. Kormuth et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2018)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Logistic growth of a surface contamination network and its role in disease spread

Hao Lei et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2017)

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Article Immunology

Environmental Contamination and Viral Shedding in MERS Patients During MERS-CoV Outbreak in South Korea

Seo Yu Bin et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2016)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Decontamination of indoor air to reduce the risk of airborne infections: Studies on survival and inactivation of airborne pathogens using an aerobiology chamber

Syed A. Sattar et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL (2016)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Generic aspects of the airborne spread of human pathogens indoors and emerging air decontamination technologies

M. Khalid Ijaz et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL (2016)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Transmission of SARS and MERS coronaviruses and influenza virus in healthcare settings: the possible role of dry surface contamination

J. A. Otter et al.

JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL INFECTION (2016)

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Article Construction & Building Technology

Simulation of vertical concentration gradient of influenza viruses in dust resuspended by walking

P. Khare et al.

INDOOR AIR (2015)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Association of Airborne Virus Infectivity and Survivability with its Carrier Particle Size

Zhili Zuo et al.

AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2013)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Routes of influenza transmission

Ben Killingley et al.

INFLUENZA AND OTHER RESPIRATORY VIRUSES (2013)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Virucidal efficacy of disinfectant actives against feline calicivirus, a surrogate for norovirus, in a short contact time

Kelly Whitehead et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL (2010)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Comparison of Multiple Passage Integrated Cell Culture-PCR and Cytopathogenic Effects in Cell Culture for the Assessment of Poliovirus Survival in Water

Madhumita Mahalanabis et al.

FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY (2010)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Size distribution and sites of origin of droplets expelled from the human respiratory tract during expiratory activities

L. Morawska et al.

JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE (2009)

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Article Virology

Environmental contamination with rhinovirus and transfer to fingers of healthy individuals by daily life activity

Birgit Winther et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2007)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Significance of fomites in the spread of respiratory and enteric viral disease

Stephanie A. Boone et al.

APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY (2007)

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Article Construction & Building Technology

Droplet fate in indoor environments, or can we prevent the spread of infection?

L. Morawska

INDOOR AIR (2006)

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Article Infectious Diseases

The occurrence of influenza A virus on household and day care center fomites

SA Boone et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION (2005)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effect of antibacterial home cleaning and handwashing products on infectious disease symptoms - A randomized, double-blind trial

EL Larson et al.

ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2004)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Effects of cleaning and disinfection in reducing the spread of Norovirus contamination via environmental surfaces

J Barker et al.

JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL INFECTION (2004)

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Environmental dissemination of respiratory viruses: dynamic interdependencies of respiratory droplets, aerosols, aerial particulates, environmental surfaces, and contribution of viral re-aerosolization

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