Cashew Nutshells: A Promising Filler for 3D Printing Filaments

Cashew nutshells from the northern region of Colombia were prepared to assess their potential use as a filler in polymer matrix filaments for 3D printing. After drying and grinding processes, cashew nutshells were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Three different filaments were fabricated from polylactic acid pellets and cashew nutshell particles at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 weight percentages using a single-screw extruder. Subsequently, single-filament tensile tests were carried out on them. SEM images showed rough and porous particles composed of an arrangement of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a hemicellulose and lignin matrix, the typical microstructure reported for natural fibers. These characteristics observed in the particles are favorable for improving filler-matrix adhesion in polymer matrix composites. In addition, their low density of 0.337 g/cm3 makes them attractive for lightweight applications. ATR-FTIR spectra exhibited specific functional groups attributed to hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, as well as a possible transformation to crystalline cellulose during drying treatment. According to TGA analyses, the thermal stability of cashew nutshell particles is around 320 degrees C. The three polylactic acid-cashew nutshell particle filaments prepared in this work showed higher tensile strength and elongation at break when compared to polylactic acid filament. The characteristics displayed by these cashew nutshell particles make them a promising filler for 3D printing filaments.

Automated summary

This study assessed the potential use of cashew nutshells from the northern region of Colombia as a filler in polymer matrix filaments for 3D printing. The characterization of the cashew nutshells revealed rough and porous particles composed of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a hemicellulose and lignin matrix. These characteristics improve the filler-matrix adhesion in polymer matrix composites. Furthermore, the low density of the cashew nutshell particles makes them attractive for lightweight applications. The filaments prepared with the cashew nutshell particles showed higher tensile strength and elongation at break compared to the pure polymer filaments.