Exploring the role of the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus in breathing variability by mathematical modelling

The Kolliker-Fuse nucleus (KF), which is part of the parabrachial complex, participates in the generation of eupnoea under resting conditions and the control of active abdominal expiration when increased ventilation is required. Moreover, dysfunctions in KF neuronal activity are believed to play a role in the emergence of respiratory abnormalities seen in Rett syndrome (RTT), a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder associated with an irregular breathing pattern and frequent apnoeas. Relatively little is known, however, about the intrinsic dynamics of neurons within the KF and how their synaptic connections affect breathing pattern control and contribute to breathing irregularities. In this study, we use a reduced computational model to consider several dynamical regimes of KF activity paired with different input sources to determine which combinations are compatible with known experimental observations. We further build on these findings to identify possible interactions between the KF and other components of the respiratory neural circuitry. Specifically, we present two models that both simulate eupnoeic as well as RTT-like breathing phenotypes. Using nullcline analysis, we identify the types of inhibitory inputs to the KF leading to RTT-like respiratory patterns and suggest possible KF local circuit organizations. When the identified properties are present, the two models also exhibit quantal acceleration of late-expiratory activity, a hallmark of active expiration featuring forced exhalation, with increasing inhibition to KF, as reported experimentally. Hence, these models instantiate plausible hypotheses about possible KF dynamics and forms of local network interactions, thus providing a general framework as well as specific predictions for future experimental testing.

Automated summary

The Kolliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) plays a crucial role in both normal breathing and respiratory abnormalities, such as those seen in Rett syndrome. However, little is known about the dynamics of KF neurons and their synaptic connections. In this study, computational models were used to investigate the activity of KF and its interactions with other components of the respiratory neural circuitry. Two models were developed to simulate normal breathing and breathing abnormalities, and their properties were found to be consistent with experimental observations. These findings provide insights into the dynamics and local network interactions of KF, and offer predictions for future experimental testing.