A new bimodal approach for sentinel lymph node imaging in prostate cancer using a magnetic and fluorescent hybrid tracer

Purpose To obtain initial data on sentinel lymph node (SLN) visualisation by pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intra-operative bimodal SLN identification using a new magnetic fluorescent hybrid tracer in prostate cancer (PCa) patients.Methods Ten patients at > 5% risk for lymph node (LN) invasion were included. The day before surgery, a magnetic fluorescent hybrid tracer consisting of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) and indocyanine green was transrectally injected into the prostate. Five hours after injection, transversal pelvic MRI scans were recorded and T2*-weighed images were screened for pelvic LNs with SPION uptake. Intra-operatively, magnetically active and/or fluorescent SLNs were detected by a handheld magnetometer and near-infrared fluorescence imaging (FI). Extended pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) and radical prostatectomy completed the surgery. All resected specimens were checked ex situ for magnetic activity and fluorescence and were histopathologically examined.Results Pre-operative MRI identified 145 pelvic LNs with SPION uptake. In total, 75 (median 6, range 3-13) magnetically active SLNs were resected, including 14 SLNs not seen on MRI. FI identified 89 fluorescent LNs (median 8.5, range 4-13) of which 15 LNs were not magnetically active. Concordance of the different techniques was 70% for pre-operative MRI vs. magnetometer-guided PLND and 88% for magnetic vs. fluorescent SLN detection.Conclusion These are the first promising results of bimodal, magnetic fluorescent SLN detection in PCa patients. Our magnetic fluorescent hybrid approach provides the surgeon a pre-operative lymphatic roadmap by using MRI and intra-operative visual guidance through the application of a fluorescent lymphatic agent. The diagnostic accuracy of our new hybrid approach has to be evaluated in further studies.

Automated summary

This study aimed to explore the feasibility of bimodal magnetic fluorescent SLN detection in prostate cancer patients, and the results showed promising potential. The method provides a pre-operative lymphatic roadmap using MRI and intra-operative visual guidance through the application of a fluorescent lymphatic agent.