☆ 4.6 Review

Multiphase flow in PEM water electrolyzers: a mini-review

CURRENT OPINION IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (2024)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Simulation and experiment study on two-phase flow characteristics of proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell

Yayang Jiang et al.

Summary: In this study, a comprehensive, three-dimensional, two-phase PEM electrolysis cell model was established and validated. The model captures the distribution of temperature, gas fraction, and current density, and investigates the effects of two-phase flow on cell performance. The simulation results demonstrate that adjusting wettability and the combination of liquid flow conductors can improve cell performance.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2023)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Numerical study on oxygen transport pattern in porous transport layer of proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells

Qingyu Li et al.

Summary: A numerical model is established to study oxygen transport in proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells (PEMEC). The concept of 'isolation belt' composed of narrow throats is proposed, hindering the spontaneous combination of different oxygen transport paths. The influence of PTL perforation and fiber diameter on oxygen transport are explored, revealing the reduction of oxygen saturation through the destruction of the 'isolation belt'.

ETRANSPORTATION (2023)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Demonstrating the absence of metal ion contamination in operando PEM fuel cells utilizing unmodified stainless steel bipolar plates

Timon Novalin et al.

Summary: The use of stainless steel as bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) has been a concern due to the risk of corrosion and metal ion contamination. Previous studies on this hazard have relied on ex-situ corrosion assessments which may not accurately represent real operating conditions. In this study, uncoated stainless steel bipolar plates were subjected to in-situ hybrid endurance/stress testing to simulate realistic conditions and re-evaluate the need for additional corrosion protection. The results showed no signs of surface dissolution and negligible trace metal concentration in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). Contact resistance values were stable and changes in cell performance and voltage degradation were unrelated to the presence of uncoated bipolar plates. The corrosion resistance of uncoated stainless steel plates in PEMFCs was attributed to decoupling of bipolar plate surface potentials from electrode potentials and operational control to sustain stainless steel surface passivation.

APPLIED ENERGY (2023)

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Article

Analysis of PEM and AEM electrolysis by neural network pattern recognition, association rule mining and LIME

M. Erdem Günay et al.

Energy and AI (2023)

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Article Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence

Integration of multi-physics and machine learning-based surrogate modelling approaches for multi-objective optimization of deformed GDL of PEM fuel cells

Jiankang Wang et al.

Summary: The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has greatly accelerated scientific and engineering innovation. Among the promising choices for transitioning to a zero-emission future in the carbon-intensive economy, the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell has received considerable attention. The gas diffusion layer (GDL) plays a crucial role in the water and heat management during the operation of PEM fuel cells, thus requiring multi-variable optimization. However, traditional experiment-based optimization methods are time-consuming and expensive. In order to overcome these obstacles, this study integrates physics-based simulation and machine learning-based surrogate modeling to rapidly optimize GDLs. Two machine learning methodologies, response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN), are compared, and the M5 model is proven to be effective and efficient for GDL optimization.

ENERGY AND AI (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Mass transport in PEM water electrolysers: A review

M. Maier et al.

Summary: While alkaline water electrolysis is a mature and low-cost method for hydrogen production, polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysers (PEMWEs) have made significant advancements in terms of cost, efficiency, and durability. They are a promising technology for large-scale hydrogen production and energy storage in conjunction with renewable energy sources.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

1D two-phase, non-isothermal modeling of a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer: An optimization perspective

Pablo A. Garcia-Salaberri

Summary: This paper presents a 1D multi-phase, non-isothermal model of a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) to analyze the effect of key operating conditions, electrochemical parameters and effective transport properties on efficiency and voltage losses. The results show that temperature, catalyst layer exchange current density, and membrane thickness are the most influential variables. Performance can be improved by developing catalyst layers with good activity, thin membranes with low permeability and stability at high temperatures, and permeable porous transport layers with tailored two-phase properties.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

CFD simulation and experimental comparison of bubble-induced convection during electrochemical water splitting

Gabriel Wosiak et al.

Summary: The study investigates the behavior of gas bubbles during electrochemical processes, focusing on their impact on cell overpotential, electrode surface coverage, and energy consumption during the reaction. By combining experimental and computational approaches, the researchers measured solution velocities, developed a computational fluid dynamics model, and simulated bubble displacement under different conditions. Significant changes in surface coverage were observed during the electrochemical reaction, with up to a 23% increase compared to different areas of the electrode.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Two-dimensional numerical pore-scale investigation of oxygen evolution in proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells

Qingyu Li et al.

Summary: In this paper, a two-dimensional mathematical model is established to study the transport mechanism of oxygen in the porous layer of proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells. The results show that the transport of oxygen bubbles in the porous layer is mainly influenced by capillary pressure and follows the mechanism of 'pressurization breakthrough depressurization'. The liquid water flow velocity, porosity, fiber diameter, and contact angle have effects on the oxygen pressure and saturation.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

LBM studies at pore scale for graded anodic porous transport layer (PTL) of PEM water electrolyzer

Supriya Bhaskaran et al.

Summary: Based on the Shan-Chen Lattice Boltzmann Model, the invasion of oxygen in the graded porous transport layer of titanium felt is investigated. The computation domain is obtained from X-ray computed tomography. The results show that gas fingering is a common transport mechanism, and it is strongly influenced by the spatial porosity and pore size distributions.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Transient behaviors and mathematical model of proton exchange membrane electrolyzer

Jian Dang et al.

Summary: The transient characteristics of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis are important for studying load control and durability of the electrolyzer under fluctuating renewable energy conditions. This study establishes a dynamic model based on various equivalence theories to describe the transient characteristics of the electrolyzer. Differential-equation-based transient models and their advantages and disadvantages are presented, with the graphical method being recommended for its intuitive and simple expression. The shutdown process in the electrolyzer reflects electrochemical processes similar to fuel cells, and low-voltage sustenance following shutdown may positively impact electrolyzer durability.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2022)

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Article Engineering, Multidisciplinary

Numerical simulation of continuum scale electrochemical hydrogen bubble evolution

Kurian J. Vachaparambil et al.

Summary: Efficient removal of evolving bubbles from electrodes is crucial in improving electrochemical processes. Numerical modeling using CFD provides insights into the complexity of the process, elucidates underlying mechanisms of bubble evolution, and aids in developing strategies to reduce their impact.

APPLIED MATHEMATICAL MODELLING (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Insights into the rapid two-phase transport dynamics in different structured porous transport layers of water electrolyzers through high-speed visualization

Weitian Wang et al.

Summary: In this study, the introduction of TT-LGDLs was found to enhance two-phase transport in PTLs, reducing the generation of large slugs and improving the recovery capability of water starvation in PEMECs. The TT-LGDL also showed significantly boosted removal efficiency of produced oxygen bubbles and PEMEC performance, indicating its potential for performance enhancement in PEMECs.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2021)

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Article Thermodynamics

Integration of the detailed channel two-phase flow into three-dimensional multi-phase simulation of proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cell

Lizhen Wu et al.

Summary: This study proposed a novel method that integrates detailed channel two-phase flow into the 3D multi-phase full-cell model of PEMEC to predict the effect of oxygen in anode channel on transport phenomena and cell performance. By adding oxygen volume fraction distribution at the interface of channel and L/GDL into the model, better fitting of simulated polarization curves to experimental data was achieved, indicating the importance of considering oxygen in the anode channel. This integration method allows for detailed investigation of the influence of oxygen in anode channel on transport phenomena and cell performance.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREEN ENERGY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Lattice Boltzmann method to study the wateroxygen distributions in porous transport layer (PTL) of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyser

Shubhani Paliwal et al.

Summary: In this study, the invasion patterns of O-2 in anodic porous transport layer (PTL) were investigated using the SC-LBM method, with multiphase flow patterns validated against experimental results. The impact of Capillary number (Ca) and Bond number (Bo) on O-2 removal efficiency was studied, and a dimensionless number (phi) was defined to optimize parameters. The study revealed the importance of void space microstructure and proposed implementing positive and negative porosity gradients for enhanced O-2 removal.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Temperature-dependent gas accumulation in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer porous transport layers

Ch. Lee et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Local measurement of current collector potential in a polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyser

Hans Becker et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Simulation and experiment of heat and mass transfer in a proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell

Zhuqian Zhang et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Mass transport in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyser liquid-gas diffusion layers: A combined neutron imaging and X-ray computed tomography study

M. Maier et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2020)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

A review on PEM electrolyzer modelling: Guidelines for beginners

D. S. Falcao et al.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Two-dimensional multi-physics modeling of porous transport layer in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer for water splitting

Qin Chen et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2020)

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Article Electrochemistry

Transient Gas Distribution in Porous Transport Layers of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzers

C. H. Lee et al.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2020)

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Article Thermodynamics

Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics modeling of proton exchange membrane electrolyzer with new flow field pattern

Somayeh Toghyani et al.

JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Operando flow regime diagnosis using acoustic emission in a polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyser

M. Maier et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Analysis of mass transport processes in the anodic porous transport layer in PEM water electrolysers

Alexander Zinser et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Pore network modelling to enhance liquid water transport through porous transport layers for polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers

J. K. Lee et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2019)

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Article Electrochemistry

Towards uniformly distributed heat, mass and charge: A flow field design study for high pressure and high current density operation of PEM electrolysis cells

Anders Christian Olesen et al.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2019)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Effect of capillary pressure force on local liquid distribution in a trickle bed

David I. A. Dhanraj et al.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE (2018)

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Article Electrochemistry

Experimental characterization of inhomogeneity in current density and temperature distribution along a single-channel PEM water electrolysis cell

C. Immerz et al.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2018)

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Article Electrochemistry

Thermal and electrochemical analysis of different flow field patterns in a PEM electrolyzer

S. Toghyani et al.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2018)

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Article Electrochemistry

The effect of cathode nitrogen purging on cell performance and in operando neutron imaging of a polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer

ChungHyuk Lee et al.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Novel thin/tunable gas diffusion electrodes with ultra-low catalyst loading for hydrogen evolution reactions in proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells

Zhenye Kang et al.

NANO ENERGY (2018)

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Article Electrochemistry

Metal foams as flow distributors in comparison with serpentine and parallel flow fields in proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells

S. Toghyani et al.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2018)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Modelling and Experimental Analysis of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolysis Cell at Different Operating Temperatures

Vincenzo Liso et al.

ENERGIES (2018)

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Article Electrochemistry

Local Current Density and Electrochemical Impedance Measurements within 50 cm Single-Channel PEM Electrolysis Cell

C. Immerz et al.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

VOF modelling of gas-liquid flow in PEM water electrolysis cell micro-channels

Saeed Sadeghi Lafmejani et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Influence of limiting throat and flow regime on oxygen bubble saturation of polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer porous transport layers

ChungHyuk Lee et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Modeling of two-phase transport in proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells for hydrogen energy

Bo Han et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2017)

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Proceedings Paper Electrochemistry

Analysing Gas-Liquid Flow in PEM Electrolyser Micro-Channels using a Micro-Porous Ceramic as Gas Permeable wall

S. S. Lafmejani et al.

POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS 17 (PEFC 17) (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Mathematical modeling and dynamic Simulink simulation of high-pressure PEM electrolyzer system

Tevfik Yigit et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2016)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A numerical study of the gas-liquid, two-phase flow maldistribution in the anode of a high pressure PEM water electrolysis cell

Anders Christian Olesen et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2016)

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Article Electrochemistry

Three-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling of Oxygen Bubble Transport in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzer Porous Transport Layers

F. Arbabi et al.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2016)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Discovery of true electrochemical reactions for ultrahigh catalyst mass activity in water splitting

Jingke Mo et al.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2016)

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Proceedings Paper Electrochemistry

Analysing Gas-Liquid Flow in PEM Electrolyser Micro-Channels

S. S. Lafmejani et al.

POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS 16 (PEFC 16) (2016)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Modelling and simulation of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser cell

Z. Abdin et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2015)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Comprehensive Review on Measurement and Correlation Development of Capillary Pressure for Two-Phase Modeling of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Chao Si et al.

JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY (2015)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Behaviors of a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer under water starvation

Shucheng Sun et al.

RSC ADVANCES (2015)

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Article Water Resources

Direct simulations of two-phase flow on micro-CT images of porous media and upscaling of pore-scale forces

Ali Q. Raeini et al.

ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES (2014)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

In situ diagnostic techniques for characterisation of polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysers - Flow visualisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

I. Dedigama et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2014)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Current density mapping and optical flow visualisation of a polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyser

Ishanka Dedigama et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2014)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Feasibility study of using microfluidic platforms for visualizing bubble flows in electrolyzer gas diffusion layers

F. Arbabi et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2014)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Numerical Modelling of Sub-pore Scale Events in Two-Phase Flow Through Porous Media

Ali Q. Raeini et al.

TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA (2014)

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Proceedings Paper Electrochemistry

Visualizing Bubble Flows in Electrolyzer GDLs using Microfluidic Platforms

F. Arbabi et al.

POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS 13 (PEFC 13) (2013)

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Proceedings Paper Electrochemistry

Numerical Investigation of the High Temperature PEM Electrolyzer: Effect of Flow Channel Configurations

Diego de Haro Ruiz et al.

ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF FUELS 2 (2013)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Experimental study on porous current collectors of PEM electrolyzers

Hiroshi Ito et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2012)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Effect of flow regime of circulating water on a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer

H. Ito et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2010)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Numerical modeling of three-dimensional two-phase gas-liquid flow in the flow field plate of a PEM electrolysis cell

Jianhu Nie et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2010)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Optimization of porous current collectors for PEM water electrolysers

S. A. Grigoriev et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2009)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Theoretical model and experimental analysis of a high pressure PEM water electrolyser for hydrogen production

F. Marangio et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2009)

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Article Polymer Science

Structural evolution of water swollen perfluorosulfonated ionomers from dry membrane to solution

G Gebel

POLYMER (2000)

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