4.7 Review

Advancements in overcoming challenges in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: An overview of advanced strategies

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Recent advances in dispersion strategies for dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction from green chemistry perspectives

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Summary: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has been a widely used sample preparation technique since its introduction in 2006. Efforts have been made to improve its efficiency, accessibility, miniaturization, and environmental friendliness. The dispersion of extraction solvent in aqueous samples, typically achieved using hazardous dispersive solvents, is a crucial step in DLLME. Greener dispersion techniques have been developed to address the environmental risks posed by these solvents. This review summarizes the current trends in dispersion strategies for DLLME, including the use of green dispersers and physical/chemical dispersion approaches, and highlights the most significant strategies applied and published to date. The challenges and future perspectives of these approaches are also discussed, offering new research directions and supporting existing theories.

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An improved microextraction method based on continuous sample drop flows and solidification of switchable hydrophilic fatty acid for the speciation of chromium in aqueous samples

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Summary: A novel analytical procedure combining centrifuge less continuous sample drop flow-based microextraction with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was developed for the speciation and preconcentration of trace amounts of chromium in aqueous samples. The method eliminates the need for centrifugation by utilizing the salting-out phenomenon. Under optimized conditions, the method exhibits excellent linearity, high sensitivity, and good recovery, making it a successful tool for the analysis of chromium in water samples.

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Recent Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents as Green Solvent in Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction of Trace Level Chemical Contaminants in Food and Water

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Summary: This review summarizes the latest research progress on using DES as solvents for preconcentration of trace level chemical contaminants in DLLME. The major impact factors affecting the preconcentration efficiency and process mechanisms are analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, the prospects and challenges of using DES as solvents for enriching trace level chemical contaminants in DLLME are extensively elucidated and critically reviewed.

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Vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on the solidification of sedimentary deep eutectic solvents for the determination of triazine and phenylurea herbicides in milk samples

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Summary: A novel vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on solidification of sedimentary deep eutectic solvents was developed and successfully applied to extract triazine and phenylurea herbicides in milk samples. The method showed promising results with optimized parameters and achieved low limits of detection and quantification, as well as good precision for the analysis of target compounds in milk samples.

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Mojtaba Shamsipur et al.

Summary: A new ultrasound-vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (US-VA-DLLME) technique was designed for the pre-concentration and extraction of ultra-trace amounts of cadmium ions, and successfully applied to the separation and determination of cadmium in water and food samples.

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In-syringe dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction

Valfredo Azevedo Lemos et al.

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Supramolecular solvent-based microextraction probe for fast detection of bisphenols by ambient mass spectrometry

Maria Jesus Duenas-Mas et al.

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Effervescence-Enhanced Microextraction Based on Acidic Ionic Liquids and In Situ Metathesis Reaction for Bisphenol Detection in Milk Samples

Ming Gao et al.

Summary: In this study, an effervescent reaction-enhanced dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method was developed for the preconcentration/extraction of bisphenols (BPs) in milk and milky tea samples. The method utilized an acidic ionic liquid and in situ metathesis reaction, achieving rapid dispersion and simplifying experimental procedures. The method demonstrated low detection limits and high recoveries for BPs, making it valuable in the sample pretreatment field in milk and milky tea samples.

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Use of green alternative solvents in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: A review

Jose Grau et al.

Summary: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction is a widely used technique in analytical chemistry field due to its simplicity and rapidity. The operational mode has evolved over time, with changes mainly related to the nature of solvents used. Low-density solvents, ionic liquids, and other alternatives have been proposed as greener options for this method.

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Air-assisted in situ deep eutectic solvent decomposition followed by the solidification of floating organic droplets-liquid-liquid microextraction method for extraction of azole antifungal drugs in biological samples prior to high-performance liquid chromatography

Maryam Ezoddin et al.

Summary: This study presents a free dispersive method, air-assisted in situ deep eutectic solvent decomposition followed by the solidification of floating organic droplets liquid-liquid microextraction, which was used for simultaneous determination of azole antifungal drugs prior to high-performance liquid chromatography. The synthesized deep eutectic solvent caused in situ dispersion of extraction solvent and analytes in the sample solution. The method showed low detection and quantitation limits and good recovery and stability in the analysis of analytes in biological samples.

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Sustainable valorization of papaya peels for thrombolytic cysteine protease isolation by ultrasound assisted disruptive liquid phase microextraction with task specific switchable natural deep eutectic solvents

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Angela I. Lopez-Lorente et al.

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European Union's imminent ban on glyphosate: Hormesis should be considered in new chemical screening and selection

Evgenios Agathokleous

Summary: The European Federation of Food, Agriculture, and Tourism Trade Unions (EFFAT) has called for an immediate ban on glyphosate, promoting the use of natural herbicides and cautioning against the use of other harmful chemicals. They suggest that new research should consider the hormetic effects of natural herbicides on targeted and non-targeted organisms to avoid stimulating pests and causing negative effects.

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On-site sample pretreatment: Natural deep eutectic solvent-based multiple air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction

Yang Yang et al.

Summary: A green and efficient method based on natural deep eutectic solvents was developed for the on-site detection of pesticides in forest water samples. The method demonstrated high extraction performance and stability, and enabled the simultaneous pretreatment of multiple samples within a short time.

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Lab-In-Syringe automation of deep eutectic solvent-based direct immersion single drop microextraction coupled online to high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of fluoroquinolones

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Summary: Lab-In-Syringe direct immersion single drop microextraction coupled with HPLC is proposed for the determination of fluoroquinolones in environmental waters. A natural deep eutectic solvent is used as an extractant, reducing the use of toxic solvents and improving the environmental friendliness of the method. The method achieves accurate quantification of fluoroquinolones within a low linear working range.

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Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: Evolution in design, application areas, and green aspects

Muhammad Sajid

Summary: Since 2006, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has undergone several improvements in various aspects, including extraction device design, extractant dispersion strategies, solvent selection, and phase separation approaches. It has also been combined with other extraction techniques for wider applications. This review critically evaluates the advancements in simultaneous derivatization, automation, and instrumental coupling.

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Recent modified air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review

Ebaa Adnan Azooz et al.

Summary: This review discusses the application of air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (AALLME) in the analysis of medicines and organic compounds. It summarizes the methods and modifications in different modes of AALLME, and discusses future directions.

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Spectrophotometric determination of iron species using ultrasound-assisted temperature-controlled deep eutectic solvent dispersive liquid-phase microextraction and multisimplex optimisation

Najmeh Yousefi Dareh Door et al.

Summary: A simple and quick analytical method based on ultrasound-assisted temperature-control deep eutectic solvent dispersive liquid-phase microextraction (UA-TC-DES-DLPME) combined with spectrophotometry was developed for the separation/preconcentration and determination of iron species. The method showed a wide linear range, low detection limit, and good reproducibility under optimized conditions.

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Insights into coacervative and dispersive liquid-phase microextraction strategies with hydrophilic media - A review

Idaira Pacheco-Fernandez et al.

Summary: The successful mode of liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) is dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), with advances focused on utilizing green, smart, and tunable materials as extraction solvents to enhance sustainability and efficiency. Hydrophilic media are considered a promising alternative for improving mass transfer and extraction efficiency.

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Exploring polar hydrophobicity in organized media for extracting oligopeptides: application to the extraction of opiorphin in human saliva

Francesca Accioni et al.

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Assessment of perfluoroalkyl substances in placenta by coupling salt assisted liquid-liquid extraction with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction prior to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

F. Vela-Soria et al.

Summary: The study developed a method to determine 10 PFAS in placental tissue, demonstrating its suitability in evaluating fetal exposure to PFAS and providing key data on the subject.

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In-situ formation/decomposition of deep eutectic solvent during solidification of floating organic droplet-liquid-liquid microextraction method for the extraction of some antibiotics from honey prior to high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Mahboob Nemati et al.

Summary: A new liquid-liquid microextraction approach using a deep eutectic solvent was successfully applied to extract four antibiotics from honey samples, which were then analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. The method offers advantages of rapidity, efficiency, low LODs, and high ERs.

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Razieh Azizi Nezami et al.

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