Do forest health threats affect upland oak regeneration and recruitment? Advance reproduction is a key co-morbidity

We analyzed national forest inventory data collected from circa 2000-2018 across 37 states in the eastern United States to better understand the influence of forest health related canopy disturbances on the regeneration and recruitment dynamics of upland oaks (Quercus). We found low levels of oak recruitment across all disturbance types examined but limited evidence of any direct effects from the type of disturbance on the population of regenerating oaks. The general lack of differences in oak regeneration response between forest health disturbances and disturbances caused by harvested or non-disturbed plots does not indicate that the effects of forest health disturbances were benign, however. Instead, low level of oak recruitment across all disturbance types highlights the pervasiveness of the trend of shifting composition in once oak-dominated forests where oak is absent or sparse in the regeneration layer. Our results show that oak recruitment was higher when oak was present as advance reproduction prior to disturbance from any cause examined. Collectively, these results lead us to conclude that the widespread inadequacy of oak advance reproduction in mature oak-dominated forests is the prevailing threat to oak forest health and sustainability. We suggest the status of advance reproduction be treated as a co-morbidity when weighing the risk and potential outcomes from other threats to upland oak forests in the eastern United States.

Automated summary

By analyzing national forest inventory data from 2000 to 2018, we found low levels of oak recruitment and limited evidence of direct effects from canopy disturbances on regenerating oaks. However, the general lack of differences in oak regeneration response suggests the pervasive trend of shifting composition in oak-dominated forests, where oak is absent or sparse in the regeneration layer. The inadequate oak advance reproduction is identified as the prevailing threat to oak forest health and sustainability.