Ultralow-voltage Auger-electron-stimulated organic light-emitting diodes

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have numerous applications ranging from flat-panel displays to eco-friendly solid-state lightings. OLEDs typically operate under high bias voltages at, or above, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gaps of the light-emitting molecules. We review recent development in Auger-electron-stimulated OLEDs, which have working voltages below the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps of emitters; i.e., the output photon energies are higher than the input electrical energies. (C) 2016 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)