A goals-plans-action model analysis of messages encouraging hesitant family members in the United States to get vaccinated for COVID-19

Drawing on the goals-plans-action (GPA) model, we explore how individuals encourage hesitant family members to get vaccinated for COVID-19. We test models analyzing how multiple goals mediate associations between (a) perceived threat to the family member's health, (b) anticipated resistance, and (c) participants' political ideology, with their (d) planning effort and (e) message features. Participants who perceive a greater threat, anticipate greater resistance, and are more liberal put greater emphasis on the primary goal, which in turn predicts greater effort, directness, and reason giving. Liberal participants also place less emphasis on secondary goals, and thus exert more pressure. Theoretical implications linking the GPA model with fear appeals and intergroup communication frameworks and practical implications for families and public health campaigns are discussed.

Automated summary

Drawing on the GPA model, this study examines how individuals encourage hesitant family members to get vaccinated for COVID-19. The results show that perceived threat, anticipated resistance, and political ideology impact individuals' efforts and message features. Liberal participants emphasize the primary goal and exert more pressure.