☆ 4.7 Review

Review on chronic metabolic diseases surrounding bile acids and gut microbiota: What we have explored so far

LIFE SCIENCES (2024)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Metabolomics and Lipidomics Screening Reveal Reprogrammed Signaling Pathways toward Cancer Development in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis

Eman A. Ahmed et al.

Summary: This study compared the metabolic signatures between NASH and NASH-HCC patients, finding significantly higher levels of triacylglycerol, AFP, AST, and cancer antigen 19-9 in NASH-HCC patients than in NASH patients. Pathway analysis revealed the involvement of several metabolic pathways in HCC development from NASH. Metabolite-protein interaction network analysis identified key protein encoding genes that play important roles in cancer.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2023)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Circulating Bile Acids as Biomarkers for Disease Diagnosis and Prevention

Li Qi et al.

Summary: Aberrant circulating bile acid (BA) profiles are an early event in the onset and progression of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and Alzheimer disease (AD). The pleiotropic effects of BAs explain these broad connections. Circulating BA profiles could provide a basis for the development of biomarkers for the diagnosis and prevention of a wide range of diseases.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2023)

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Article Microbiology

Adjunctive Probio-X Treatment Enhances the Therapeutic Effect of a Conventional Drug in Managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Promoting Short-Chain Fatty Acid-Producing Bacteria and Bile Acid Pathways

Ye Chen et al.

Summary: This study found that the coadministration of probiotics with metformin significantly reduced glycated hemoglobin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This was achieved by modulating the gut microbiome and enhancing the effects of metformin through short-chain fatty acid and bile acid metabolism. The findings support the beneficial use of probiotics in combination with metformin for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

MSYSTEMS (2023)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Defecation status, intestinal microbiota, and habitual diet are associated with the fecal bile acid composition: a cross-sectional study in community-dwelling young participants

Yosuke Saito et al.

Summary: This study investigated the influence of defecation status, intestinal microbiota, and habitual diet on fecal bile acid (BA) composition. The results showed that individuals with high levels of primary BA had normal bowel habits and distinct intestinal microbiota. On the other hand, individuals with high levels of cytotoxic BA had increased animal fat intake, abnormal bowel habits, and decreased intake of insoluble fiber.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION (2023)

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Article Immunology

Taurochenodeoxycholic acid reduces astrocytic neuroinflammation and alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice

Nuo Xu et al.

Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and probe its mechanism in suppressing astrocytic neuroinflammation. The results showed that TCDCA effectively alleviated EAE progression and improved neurobehavioral impairment in mice. TCDCA also inhibited the hyperactivation of astrocytes and down-regulated the expression of inflammatory mediators in the brain cortex.

IMMUNOBIOLOGY (2023)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A hierarchical age-structured model of optimal vermin management by contraception

Laura Mancin et al.

Summary: The gut microbiota regulates human metabolism and dysbiosis is associated with diseases. Recent evidence shows that dysbiosis and loss of microbiota-derived metabolites alter skeletal muscle metabolism, including the bile acid-FXR pathway.

TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2023)

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Review Neurosciences

Connecting the Gut Microbiota and Neurodegenerative Diseases: the Role of Bile Acids

Shixu Wang et al.

Summary: With the global population aging, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are predicted to become the second leading cause of death worldwide, posing a significant threat to human life and health. The occurrence and development of NDs, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, are still not fully understood, but immune, oxidative stress, and protein aggregation are believed to play a role. Recent studies have highlighted the influence of gut microbiota (GM) on brain function and the role of bile acids (BAs) in the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis. BAs have shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects in NDs, although their specific connection with GM and the central nervous system (CNS) remains unclear.

MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2023)

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Article Food Science & Technology

Regular Consumption of Biovalorized Okara-Containing Biscuit Improves Circulating Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Fecal Bile Acids Concentrations by Modulating the Gut Microbiome: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial

Delia Pei Shan Lee et al.

Summary: This study evaluates the impact of consuming biscuits containing okara and biovalorized okara on gut health in Singapore adults. The results show that biovalorized okara enhances gut metabolites by modulating gut microbiome, while okara consumption improves serum short-chain fatty acids levels.

MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (2023)

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Article Clinical Neurology

A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) in Parkinson's Disease

Thomas Payne et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that high-dose UDCA is safe and well tolerated in early PD patients. P-31-MRS results showed improved ATP hydrolysis in the midbrain of the UDCA treatment group, and sensor-based gait analysis indicated possible improvement in gait parameters. Larger trials are necessary to further evaluate the disease-modifying effect of UDCA in PD.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2023)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Influence of ursodeoxycholic acid on blood glucose, insulin and GLP-1 in rats with liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation

Xiu-Ping Bai et al.

Summary: In this study, rats with cirrhosis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) were used to investigate the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on glucose levels. The results showed that UDCA could improve liver fibrosis, increase islet area, decrease glucose levels, and regulate the expression of genes related to bile acid synthesis and the TGR5 gene in the intestine.

DIABETOLOGY & METABOLIC SYNDROME (2023)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Roles of bile acids signaling in neuromodulation under physiological and pathological conditions

Chen Xing et al.

Summary: Bile acids play important roles in nutrient absorption and metabolism as well as neuromodulation in the central nervous system. They are generated through cholesterol catabolism in the liver or brain-specific pathways. Bile acids can cross the blood brain barrier and exert direct or indirect signaling effects. Alterations in bile acid metabolites have been linked to various neurological disorders. Specifically, hydrophilic bile acids have shown neuroprotective effects and potential therapeutic benefits for neurological diseases.

CELL AND BIOSCIENCE (2023)

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Article Oncology

Dimethyl fumarate attenuates cholestatic liver injury by activating the NRF2 and FXR pathways and suppressing NLRP3/GSDMD signaling in mice

Ziqian Xu et al.

Summary: Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has been found to have a protective effect on cholestatic liver disease by regulating antioxidant capacity, reducing liver inflammation, and regulating the levels of bile acid transporters. These findings provide new strategies for the treatment of cholestatic liver disorders.

EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH (2023)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Pharmaceutical characterization of probucol bile acid-lithocholic acid nanoparticles to prevent chronic hearing related and similar cellular oxidative stress pathologies

Susbin R. Wagle et al.

Summary: Oxidative stress, associated with sensorineural hearing loss (SHL), can be prevented or treated using potent antioxidants like probucol. However, due to the isolated position of SHL, refining therapeutic methods is necessary, and nanoparticles could be a promising approach. In this study, nanoparticles formulated with polymers and excipients were found to be robust and stable, protecting auditory cells from cellular toxicity and oxidative stress. These PB-based nanoparticles could be a novel therapeutic agent for SHL.

NANOMEDICINE (2023)

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Article Plant Sciences

Red ginseng extracts ameliorate high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance by activating the intestinal TGR5-mediated bile acids signaling pathway

Wei Li et al.

Summary: Red ginseng extracts (RGS) show potential in treating obesity and insulin resistance by improving glucose and lipid metabolism. This study demonstrated that RGS activates intestinal TGR5 to promote lipolysis and energy consumption by increasing circulating bile acid levels, and facilitates the transport of bile acids by promoting ASBT translocation.

PHYTOMEDICINE (2023)

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Article Microbiology

Antibiotic-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis has a functional impact on purine metabolism

Xin Liu et al.

BMC MICROBIOLOGY (2023)

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Article Microbiology

Campylobacter jejuni benefits from the bile salt deoxycholate under low-oxygen condition in a PldA dependent manner

Xuefeng Cao et al.

Gut Microbes (2023)

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Article Biology

Ursodeoxycholic acid induces sarcopenia associated with decreased protein synthesis and autophagic flux

Josue Orozco-Aguilar et al.

Summary: Background: Skeletal muscle generates force and movements and maintains posture. Under pathological conditions, muscle fibers suffer an imbalance in protein synthesis/degradation. This event causes muscle mass loss and decreased strength and muscle function, a syndrome known as sarcopenia. Recently, our laboratory described secondary sarcopenia in a chronic cholestatic liver disease (CCLD) mouse model. Interestingly, the administration of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a hydrophilic bile acid, is an effective therapy for cholestatic hepatic alterations. However, the effect of UDCA on skeletal muscle mass and functionality has never been evaluated, nor the possible involved mechanisms.

BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2023)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The role of the farnesoid X receptor in kidney health and disease: a potential therapeutic target in kidney diseases

Dong-Hyun Kim et al.

Summary: Targeting the expression and activation of a critical bile acid receptor could be a novel therapeutic approach for kidney diseases.

EXPERIMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2023)

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Article Microbiology

Increased circulating butyrate and ursodeoxycholate during probiotic intervention in humans with type 2 diabetes

Paul J. McMurdie et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates an increase in circulating butyrate and ursodeoxycholate following probiotic intervention in humans with T2D, suggesting a potential targeted microbiome-based approach for managing T2D. The efficient synthesis of UDCA by C. butyricum may also be of interest for probiotic use in other disease settings. Additionally, the inhibitory interaction between sulfonylurea drugs and gut microbiota should be carefully considered in future study designs.

BMC MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Insulin Prevents Hypercholesterolemia by Suppressing 12α-Hydroxylated Bile Acids

Ivana Semova et al.

Summary: The risk of cardiovascular disease remains high in type 1 diabetes patients. This study found that insulin inhibits FoxO1 to reduce 12 alpha-hydroxylated bile acids, cholesterol absorption, and plasma cholesterol levels. In addition, the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe was more effective in reversing these abnormalities than the cholesterol synthesis inhibitor simvastatin.

CIRCULATION (2022)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Bile acid-farnesoid X receptor-fibroblast growth factor 19 axis in patients with short bowel syndrome: The randomized, glepaglutide phase 2 trial

Mark Krogh Hvistendahl et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the effects of glepaglutide on bile acid synthesis in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). Glepaglutide was found to stimulate the bile acid/FXR/FGF19 axis, leading to increased plasma concentrations of FGF19, which may play a role in preventing and treating intestinal failure-associated liver disease.

JOURNAL OF PARENTERAL AND ENTERAL NUTRITION (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Gut microbiota-bile acid crosstalk contributes to the rebound weight gain after calorie restriction in mice

Mengci Li et al.

Summary: This study found that caloric restriction reduces the abundance of Parabacteroides distasonis in the gut and alters serum bile acid profile, which contributes to weight regain. Treatment with Parabacteroides distasonis or non-12 alpha-hydroxylated bile acids can ameliorate weight regain through increased thermogenesis.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Elucidating the role of the gut microbiota in the physiological effects of dietary fiber

Edward C. Deehan et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the efficacy of purified dietary fibers when used as supplements and suggests that the satiating effects of AX may be linked to bacterial taxa that ferment the fiber or utilize breakdown products.

MICROBIOME (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

A Freshwater Fish-Based Diet Alleviates Liver Steatosis by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolites: A Clinical Randomized Controlled Trial in Chinese Participants With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

He Kaiyin et al.

Summary: This study found that increasing the intake of freshwater fish can regulate gut microbiota and its metabolites, benefiting patients with NAFLD. Moreover, alternating intake of freshwater fish and red meat does not exacerbate NAFLD.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Disulfiram ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by modulating the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism

Yuanyuan Lei et al.

Summary: Disulfiram (DSF) reduces Clostridium-mediated 7 alpha-dehydroxylation activity to suppress secondary bile acid biosynthesis and ameliorate NASH in mice. A self-controlled clinical trial also validates DSF regulation of the gut-liver axis in healthy men.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Impact of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Gut Bacterial Bile Acid Metabolism in Humans

Jessica-Miranda Bustamante et al.

Summary: Analysis of fecal samples from obese metabolically healthy patients after FMT treatment identified candidate bacteria that may improve metabolic health and increase gut bacterial bile acid metabolism.

NUTRIENTS (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Facilitating a high-quality dietary pattern induces shared microbial responses linking diet quality, blood pressure, and microbial sterol metabolism in caregiver-child dyads

Emily B. Hill et al.

Summary: Low-resource individuals are at higher risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease due to poor dietary patterns and dysfunctional microbiota. This study targeted low-resource caregiver-child dyads and conducted a multifaceted lifestyle intervention, which showed improvements in dietary patterns, reduced CVD risk factors, and altered microbiome composition.

GUT MICROBES (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The gut microbiota-bile acid axis links the positive association between chronic insomnia and cardiometabolic diseases

Zengliang Jiang et al.

Summary: Evidence from human cohorts suggests that chronic insomnia is associated with a higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases. The gut microbiota-bile acid axis may play a role in this association. Certain gut microbial biomarkers and bile acids mediate the positive association between chronic insomnia and CMD, while habitual tea consumption has an opposite effect. Interventions targeting the microbiota-bile acid axis could potentially reduce the impact of chronic insomnia on cardiometabolic health.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Functional changes of the gastric bypass microbiota reactivate thermogenic adipose tissue and systemic glucose control via intestinal FXR-TGR5 crosstalk in diet-induced obesity

Julia Muenzker et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the significant role of the gut microbiome in the energy and metabolic improvements achieved through gastric bypass surgery. By eliminating and transplanting the gut microbiota, the study identifies a signaling cascade involving altered bile acid receptor signaling that readjusts energy imbalance and metabolic diseases in obese hosts.

MICROBIOME (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Linking Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Brain Disease: Focusing on Bile Acid Signaling

Zi-Lin Ren et al.

Summary: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects a significant population worldwide and has implications beyond the liver, including the brain. The bile acid signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the development of NAFLD and brain disorders. Bile acids can send messages to the brain through direct or indirect channels, potentially impacting brain health.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Changes in circulating bile acid subtypes in response to weight-loss diets are associated with improvements in glycemic status and insulin resistance: The POUNDS Lost trial*

Yoriko Heianza et al.

Summary: Through a 2-year intervention study on overweight or obese adults, changes in specific subtypes of bile acids were found to be associated with improved glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, with reductions in certain subtypes linked to better metabolic outcomes.

METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Bile Acid Membrane Receptor TGR5 in Cancer: Friend or Foe?

Youchao Qi et al.

Summary: The G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor, TGR5, is activated by bile acids and regulates various biological processes through multiple signaling pathways. It is widely distributed in different tissues and has inconsistent effects in different cancer cells.

MOLECULES (2022)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Bile acid metabolism and signaling, the microbiota, and metabolic disease

Jingwei Cai et al.

Summary: The diversity, composition, and function of the bacterial community in the human gastrointestinal tract play a crucial role in host health. Bile acids, as potent metabolic and immune signaling molecules, have significant impacts on host metabolic and immunological functions. Manipulating the microbiota-bile acid-bile acid receptor axis has emerged as a novel therapeutic approach for human health.

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2022)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Clostridium butyricum Potentially Improves Immunity and Nutrition through Alteration of the Microbiota and Metabolism of Elderly People with Malnutrition in Long-Term Care

Lin Liu et al.

Summary: Recent research suggests that microbiota-targeted intervention, such as using Clostridium butyricum, can improve nutrition and immunity in elderly people with malnutrition by altering the gut microbiota and increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria. This intervention also leads to changes in metabolism and the production of important molecules.

NUTRIENTS (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Population-based meta-analysis and gene-set enrichment identifies FXR/RXR pathway as common to fatty liver disease and serum lipids

Samuel K. Handelman et al.

Summary: This study used genome-wide association studies and gene-set enrichment analysis to investigate pathways influencing serum lipids and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). By identifying credible genes and characterizing missense variants in these pathways, the study explored their effects on serum traits. Enriched pathways associated with NAFLD and blood lipid levels were found in both African and European populations. The findings have important implications for therapeutic development and companion diagnostics.

HEPATOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Cigarette smoke promotes colorectal cancer through modulation of gut microbiota and related metabolites

Xiaowu Bai et al.

Summary: Cigarette smoke exposure alters the gut microbiota and related metabolites, leading to an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Mice exposed to cigarette smoke had dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, increased bile acid metabolites, activated oncogenic signaling pathways, and impaired gut barrier function.

GUT (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Multidimensional Impact of Mediterranean Diet on IBD Patients

Fabio Chicco et al.

Summary: The Mediterranean diet has been shown to have a positive impact on the nutritional state, liver steatosis, clinical disease activity, and quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, improving some conditions and reducing symptoms in both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients.

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Efficacy and Safety of Aldafermin, an Engineered FGF19 Analog, in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Stephen A. Harrison et al.

Summary: In a phase 2 trial of patients with NASH, aldafermin reduced liver fat content significantly and showed potential improvement in fibrosis.

GASTROENTEROLOGY (2021)

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Review Physiology

MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY OF BILE ACID SIGNALING IN HEALTH, DISEASE, AND AGING

Alessia Perino et al.

Summary: Bile acids have become important signaling molecules in the body, enabling inter-tissue communication and exerting pleiotropic physiological effects. The chemical variety of bile acids, largely determined by the gut microbiome, allows for complex adaptive responses in the body. This review discusses the mechanisms by which bile acid receptors coordinate various aspects of physiology and presents new therapeutic strategies for diseases related to pathological bile acid signaling.

PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The Commensal Microbe Veillonella as a Marker for Response to an FGF19 Analog in NASH

Rohit Loomba et al.

Summary: This study investigated the impact of aldafermin on the gut microbiota in patients with NASH. The results showed that aldafermin had a significant effect on the stability of the gut microbial community, leading to an enrichment in the rare genus Veillonella, which may be influenced by aldafermin-mediated suppression of bile acid synthesis.

HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Avocado Consumption Alters Gastrointestinal Bacteria Abundance and Microbial Metabolite Concentrations among Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Sharon Thompson et al.

Summary: The study found that daily consumption of avocados can increase fecal microbiota diversity, enhance the relative abundance of certain beneficial bacteria, and reduce bile acid concentrations. In addition, the avocado group had higher levels of fatty acids in their feces, indicating that avocados have a certain impact on digestive physiology and the composition and metabolic functions of the intestinal microbiota.

JOURNAL OF NUTRITION (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease

Yong Fan et al.

Summary: The intestinal microbiota plays a significant role in human metabolic health, potentially contributing to the development of common metabolic disorders when dysregulated. Current research is shifting towards cause-and-effect studies and utilizing high-throughput human multi-omics data to identify potential molecular mechanisms behind these associations.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Oncology

Dietary fat, bile acid metabolism and colorectal cancer

Soeren Ocvirk et al.

Summary: The risk of colorectal cancer is primarily influenced by environmental factors, particularly diet. High dietary fat intake is associated with the formation of pre-neoplastic lesions and colonic tumorigenesis, mainly due to its effects on gut microbiota composition and metabolism, especially in relation to bile acids. Alterations in bile acid metabolism, linked to fat-mediated changes in gut microbiota, are implicated in CRC risk and tumorigenesis by influencing intestinal and hepatic cross-signaling.

SEMINARS IN CANCER BIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Liraglutide and sitagliptin have no effect on intestinal microbiota composition: A 12-week randomized placebo-controlled trial in adults with type 2 diabetes

Mark M. Smits et al.

Summary: The study aimed to investigate the effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors on the intestinal microbiota in adults with type 2 diabetes. Results showed that these agents did not affect the diversity of the intestinal microbiota, nor were changes in microbial composition related to clinical parameters.

DIABETES & METABOLISM (2021)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Bile Acid Signaling in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Stefano Fiorucci et al.

Summary: Bile acids generated at the host liver and through microbial metabolism play a crucial role in mediating communication between the intestinal microbiota and host immune system. The expression and function of bile acid-activated receptors are dependent on the structure of the intestinal microbiota, with implications for maintaining a tolerogenic phenotype in the intestine.

DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Pharmacometabolomic profiles in type 2 diabetic subjects treated with liraglutide or glimepiride

J. Jendle et al.

Summary: Treatment with liraglutide is associated with favorable metabolic changes, particularly in lipid metabolism, compared to glimepiride. The findings shed light on the underlying biological mechanisms of the cardiovascular benefits observed with GLP-1 RAs in outcome studies. Further research on the role of GLP-1 RAs in ceramides and cardiovascular diseases, including fatty liver disease, is warranted.

CARDIOVASCULAR DIABETOLOGY (2021)

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Article Urology & Nephrology

Metabolites Associated with Coffee Consumption and Incident Chronic Kidney Disease

William J. He et al.

Summary: This study identified 20 unique serum metabolites associated with coffee consumption in two independent study cohorts, and three of these metabolites were found to be potentially related to incident CKD. One metabolite (glycochenodeoxycholate) involved in bile acid metabolism may be beneficial for kidney health, while two metabolites (O-methylcatechol sulfate and 3-methyl catechol sulfate) related to benzoate metabolism could have potential harmful effects on kidney health.

CLINICAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY (2021)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The Novel Phosphate and Bile Acid Sequestrant Polymer SAR442357 Delays Disease Progression in a Rat Model of Diabetic Nephropathy

Tamara R. Castaneda et al.

Summary: The novel nonabsorbed polymeric sequestrant SAR442357, possessing optimized phosphate and bile salt sequestration characteristics, demonstrated pharmacological benefits including improved glycemic control, lowered serum cholesterol, and attenuation of diabetic kidney disease progression.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Effects of pine pollen wall on gut microbiota and biomarkers in mice with dyslipidemia

Xiao Song et al.

Summary: The study revealed that the consumption of Pinus yunnanensis pollen wall can prevent liver pathology, reduce inflammation markers, and lipid abnormalities. Additionally, it can modulate bile acid and fat metabolism, and influence the structure of gut microbiota.

PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Probiotic in Early Pregnancy on Plasma Conjugated Bile Acids in a Randomised Controlled Trial

Yutao Chen et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that probiotic supplementation of HN001 can decrease the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus and fasting glucose levels. It also found associations between probiotic supplementation and alterations in insulin resistance, lipid levels, and bile acids in pregnant women.

NUTRIENTS (2021)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Prebiotic dietary fibre intervention improves fecal markers related to inflammation in obese patients: results from the Food4Gut randomized placebo-controlled trial

Audrey M. Neyrinck et al.

Summary: Intake of inulin-type fructans can reduce intestinal inflammation markers in obese patients, increase Bifidobacterium, and have an impact on certain metabolites in feces.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION (2021)

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Article Food Science & Technology

Sex, Food, and the Gut Microbiota: Disparate Response to Caloric Restriction Diet with Fiber Supplementation in Women and Men

Alfonso Benitez-Paez et al.

Summary: This study examines the synergistic effects of caloric restriction intervention with fiber supplementation using a multivariate multi-omics approach. The results suggest that diet-microbe-host interactions play a key role in personalized interventions, and underscore the importance of considering sex-specific effects in future studies on dietary interventions efficacy. In conclusion, the study reveals that the dietary intervention is more beneficial for women than men.

MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Intermittent Fasting Enhances Right Ventricular Function in Preclinical Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Sasha Z. Prisco et al.

Summary: Intermittent fasting (IF) improves right ventricular function, increases survival rate, reduces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis, prevents lipid accumulation, and enhances gut microbiota profile in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), suggesting it may be a non-pharmacological approach to combat RV dysfunction in PAH.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Type 2 diabetes preventive effects with a 12-months sardine-enriched diet in elderly population with prediabetes: An interventional, randomized and controlled trial

D. A. Diaz-Rizzolo et al.

Summary: The study conducted among elderly individuals suggests that consuming sardines rich in nutrients like omega-3, EPA, and DHA can reduce the risk of developing T2D and cardiovascular events, while also improving some beneficial physiological indicators.

CLINICAL NUTRITION (2021)

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Article Oncology

Lactobacillus lactis and Pediococcus pentosaceus-driven reprogramming of gut microbiome and metabolome ameliorates the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Jeong Seok Yu et al.

Summary: The supplementation of L. lactis and P. pentosaceus effectively improved the condition of NAFLD mice, restoring key metabolic features such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), and tryptophan metabolites. This protective effect was also observed in NAFLD patients, with a significantly higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio compared to the control group. Furthermore, a panel of six stool metabolites including indole, BAs, and SCFAs showed promising results in diagnosing NAFLD with an area under the curve of 0.922. Overall, NAFLD progression is closely associated with metabolic dysregulations in SCFAs, bile acid, and indole compounds, with the potential for accurate diagnosis using metabolites.

CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Therapeutic aspects of bile acid signalling in the gut-liver axis

Benedikt Simbrunner et al.

Summary: Bile acids play a crucial role in maintaining bile acid homeostasis and regulating the development of liver diseases through the gut-liver axis. The nuclear bile acid farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has emerged as a key therapeutic target in bile acid signalling pathways. Experimental evidence suggests that bile acid signalling can improve the intestinal barrier and protect against bacterial translocation in cirrhosis, showing efficacy in cholestatic and metabolic liver diseases. However, further research is needed to demonstrate similar effects in advanced liver disease, particularly in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

FXR in liver physiology: Multiple faces to regulate liver metabolism

Katrin Panzitt et al.

Summary: The liver serves as a central metabolic hub that coordinates nutritional inputs and metabolic outputs. FXR in the liver and intestine plays a crucial role in regulating postprandial nutrient disposal. Aside from classical roles, FXR also has effects on amino acid, protein metabolism, autophagic turnover, and inflammation, which are less studied. Additionally, understanding of how FXR signaling is affected by posttranslational modifications and different isoforms is important for potential pharmaceutical targeting in clinical applications.

BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR BASIS OF DISEASE (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Farnesoid X receptor agonist for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: A safety study

Robin Erken et al.

Summary: Vonafexor, as a FXR agonist, was found to be safe in chronic hepatitis B patients with a potential anti-viral effect observed through a decline in HBV markers. Larger trials are needed to further evaluate its therapeutic potential.

JOURNAL OF VIRAL HEPATITIS (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Ursodeoxycholic acid shows antineoplastic effects in bile duct cancer cells via apoptosis induction; p53 activation; and EGFR-ERK, COX-2, and PI3K-AKT pathway inhibition

Jin Lee et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated the inhibitory effects of UDCA on proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and suppression of invasiveness in bile duct cancer cells. UDCA activates p53, blocks DCA-induced EGFR-ERK signaling and COX-2, inhibits DCA-induced PI3K-AKT signaling, and suppresses invasiveness in these cancer cells.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTS (2021)

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Article Food Science & Technology

Effects of the Mediterranean Diet or Nut Consumption on Gut Microbiota Composition and Fecal Metabolites and their Relationship with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors

Serena Galie et al.

Summary: The study compared the effects of a Mediterranean Diet and nut consumption on gut microbiota and fecal metabolites, revealing that following a Mediterranean Diet may improve metabolic risk, particularly through changes in certain microbiota and improvements in insulin levels.

MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Caloric restriction disrupts the microbiota and colonization resistance

Reiner Jumpertz von Schwartzenberg et al.

Summary: This study highlights the significant impact of diet on shaping the gut microbiome and influencing host metabolism. Restriction of calories led to changes in bacterial abundance and microbial composition, affecting nutrient absorption and resulting in metabolic phenotypes in mice. Further research is needed to understand the complex interactions between diet, microbiome, and host health.

NATURE (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR): Structures and ligands

Longying Jiang et al.

Summary: FXR is a crucial bile acid activated nuclear receptor that regulates key genes involved in bile acid metabolism. With the approval of OCA as the first small molecule targeting FXR, many other FXR-targeting small molecules are currently being evaluated in clinical trials.

COMPUTATIONAL AND STRUCTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Effects of high intake of cod or salmon on gut microbiota profile, faecal output and serum concentrations of lipids and bile acids in overweight adults: a randomised clinical trial

Marianne Bratlie et al.

Summary: A high intake of cod or salmon fillet modulated gut microbiota profiles, showing differences in bacterial counts between experimental and control groups, but did not affect faecal output or serum concentrations of lipids and total bile acids.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Multidimensional Impact of Mediterranean Diet on IBD Patients

Fabio Chicco et al.

Summary: This prospective study found that 6 months of Mediterranean diet in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients led to improvement in several metabolic syndrome-associated parameters and therapy response. The Mediterranean diet may be considered as a background therapy in the treatment of IBD, helping to improve nutritional status, liver steatosis, clinical disease activity, and quality of life.

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (2021)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Unconjugated and secondary bile acid profiles in response to higher-fat, lower-carbohydrate diet and associated with related gut microbiota: A 6-month randomized controlled-feeding trial

Yi Wan et al.

CLINICAL NUTRITION (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Effects of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation With Oral Capsules in Obese Patients

Jessica R. Allegretti et al.

CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Characterization of Gut Microbiota, Bile Acid Metabolism, and Cytokines in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

Xiaodong Jia et al.

HEPATOLOGY (2020)

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Review Nutrition & Dietetics

Negative Effects of a High-Fat Diet on Intestinal Permeability: A Review

Michael W. Rohr et al.

ADVANCES IN NUTRITION (2020)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Two apples a day lower serum cholesterol and improve cardiometabolic biomarkers in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial

Athanasios Koutsos et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION (2020)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Bile acid receptors FXR and TGR5 signaling in fatty liver diseases an therapy

John Y. L. Chiang et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Mediterranean diet intervention alters the gut microbiome in older people reducing frailty and improving health status: the NU-AGE 1-year dietary intervention across five European countries

Tarini Shankar Ghosh et al.

GUT (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Mediterranean diet intervention in overweight and obese subjects lowers plasma cholesterol and causes changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome independently of energy intake

Victoria Meslier et al.

GUT (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

A Clostridia-rich microbiota enhances bile acid excretion in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome

Ling Zhao et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

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Review Medical Laboratory Technology

Fecal microbiota transplantation in disease therapy

Hanna Antushevich

CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Molecular and Mechanistic Insights Based on Gut-Liver Axis: Nutritional Target for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Improvement

Yun Ji et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2020)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Leptin-Mediated Changes in the Human Metabolome

Katherine Lawler et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Ileo-colonic delivery of conjugated bile acids improves glucose homeostasis via colonic GLP-1-producing enteroendocrine cells in human obesity and diabetes

Gerardo Calderon et al.

EBIOMEDICINE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A dysregulated bile acid-gut microbiota axis contributes to obesity susceptibility

Meilin Wei et al.

EBIOMEDICINE (2020)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Treatment with Anaerobutyricum soehngenii: a pilot study of safety and dose-response effects on glucose metabolism in human subjects with metabolic syndrome

Pim W. Gilijamse et al.

NPJ BIOFILMS AND MICROBIOMES (2020)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Human gut microbiome composition and tryptophan metabolites were changed differently by fast food and Mediterranean diet in 4 days: a pilot study

Chenghao Zhu et al.

NUTRITION RESEARCH (2020)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Targeting bile acid metabolism in obesity reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Stephanie Sik Yu So et al.

OBESITY REVIEWS (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The benefit of elobixibat in chronic constipation is associated with faecal deoxycholic acid but not effects of altered microbiota

Noboru Misawa et al.

ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Gut microbiota remodeling reverses aging-associated inflammation and dysregulation of systemic bile acid homeostasis in mice sex-specifically

Junli Ma et al.

GUT MICROBES (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cholecystectomy - a potential selection bias in studies assessing the metabolic effects of bariatric surgeries

Natasha Mendonça Machado et al.

Scientific Reports (2020)

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Review Nutrition & Dietetics

Gut Microbiota in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis: A Review

Barbara J. H. Verhaar et al.

NUTRIENTS (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Gut microbial bile acid metabolite skews macrophage polarization and contributes to high-fat diet-induced colonic inflammation

Lingyu Wang et al.

GUT MICROBES (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

G6PD overexpression protects from oxidative stress and age-related hearing loss

Jose M. Bermudez-Munoz et al.

AGING CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of HTD1801 (berberine ursodeoxycholate, BUDCA) in patients with hyperlipidemia

Adrian M. Di Bisceglie et al.

LIPIDS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE (2020)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Bile acid metabolism and circadian rhythm

Yunxia Yang et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Ablation of gut microbiota alleviates obesity-induced hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance by modulating bile acid metabolism in hamsters

Lulu Sun et al.

ACTA PHARMACEUTICA SINICA B (2019)

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Review Nutrition & Dietetics

Bile Acids as Metabolic Regulators and Nutrient Sensors

John Y. L. Chiang et al.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF NUTRITION, VOL 39, 2019 (2019)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Dietary lipids, gut microbiota and lipid metabolism

Marc Schoeler et al.

REVIEWS IN ENDOCRINE & METABOLIC DISORDERS (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Theabrownin from Pu-erh tea attenuates hypercholesterolemia via modulation of gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism

Fengjie Huang et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2019)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Altered bile acid profile associates with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease-An emerging role for gut microbiome

Siamak MahmoudianDehkordi et al.

ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA (2019)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Bariatric Surgery in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

Alison H. Affinati et al.

CURRENT DIABETES REPORTS (2019)

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Article Microbiology

Probiotic or synbiotic alters the gut microbiota and metabolism in a randomised controlled trial of weight management in overweight adults

A. A. Hibberd et al.

BENEFICIAL MICROBES (2019)

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Article Oncology

Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on the gut microbiome and colorectal adenoma development

Talima Pearson et al.

CANCER MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Suppressed hepatic bile acid signalling despite elevated production of primary and secondary bile acids in NAFLD

Na Jiao et al.

GUT (2018)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Bile acid-microbiota crosstalk in gastrointestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis

Wei Jia et al.

NATURE REVIEWS GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2018)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Reciprocal interactions between bile acids and gut microbiota in human liver diseases

Tadashi Ikegami et al.

HEPATOLOGY RESEARCH (2018)

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Review Immunology

Bile acids in glucose metabolism in health and disease

Hagit Shapiro et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2018)

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Review Cell Biology

Genetic and microbiome influence on lipid metabolism and dyslipidemia

Maria Luisa Matey-Hernandez et al.

PHYSIOLOGICAL GENOMICS (2018)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Role of gut microbiota, bile acids and their cross-talk in the effects of bariatric surgery on obesity and type 2 diabetes

Haijun Liu et al.

JOURNAL OF DIABETES INVESTIGATION (2018)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Bile Acid Control of Metabolism and Inflammation in Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Oscar Chavez-Talavera et al.

GASTROENTEROLOGY (2017)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Analyses of gut microbiota and plasma bile acids enable stratification of patients for antidiabetic treatment

Yanyun Gu et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2017)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Emerging Targets to Relieve Fat Stress-Induced Liver Diseases: UDCA, Tocotrienol, ω-3 PUFAs, and IgY Targeted NPC1L1 Cholesterol Transporter

Ji-Young Cha et al.

CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN (2017)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Bile Acid Physiology

Agostino Di Ciaula et al.

ANNALS OF HEPATOLOGY (2017)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

How does obesity affect the endocrine system? A narrative review

M. Poddar et al.

CLINICAL OBESITY (2017)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Reprogramming of glucose, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism for cancer progression

Zhaoyong Li et al.

CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES (2016)

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Review Physiology

TGR5, Not Only a Metabolic Regulator

Cong Guo et al.

FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY (2016)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Pilot Dietary Intervention with Heat-Stabilized Rice Bran Modulates Stool Microbiota and Metabolites in Healthy Adults

Amy M. Sheflin et al.

NUTRIENTS (2015)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Bile acid nuclear receptor FXR and digestive system diseases

Lili Ding et al.

ACTA PHARMACEUTICA SINICA B (2015)

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Article Oncology

The nuclear bile acid receptor FXR controls the liver derived tumor suppressor histidine-rich glycoprotein

Ulrich Deuschle et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER (2015)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Lactobacillus casei Shirota Supplementation Does Not Restore Gut Microbiota Composition and Gut Barrier in Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Pilot Study

Vanessa Stadlbauer et al.

PLOS ONE (2015)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Changes in bile acids, FGF-19 and sterol absorption in response to bile salt hydrolase active L. reuteri NCIMB 30242

Christopher J. Martoni et al.

GUT MICROBES (2015)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Impact of oral vancomycin on gut microbiota, bile acid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity

Anne Vrieze et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2014)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome

Lawrence A. David et al.

NATURE (2014)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Bile acid receptors as targets for drug development

Frank G. Schaap et al.

NATURE REVIEWS GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2014)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Effect of oral consumption of probiotic Lactobacillus planatarum P-8 on fecal microbiota, SIgA, SCFAs, and TBAs of adults of different ages

Lifeng Wang et al.

NUTRITION (2014)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Bariatric surgery for obesity and metabolic conditions in adults

David E. Arterburn et al.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2014)

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Review Cell Biology

Pleiotropic Roles of Bile Acids in Metabolism

Thomas Q. de Aguiar Vallim et al.

CELL METABOLISM (2013)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Retinoic Acid-related Orphan Receptor α Regulates Diurnal Rhythm and Fasting Induction of Sterol 12α-Hydroxylase in Bile Acid Synthesis

Preeti Pathak et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2013)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Bile acid transporters and regulatory nuclear receptors in the liver and beyond

Emina Halilbasic et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2013)

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Article Physiology

Bile Formation and Secretion

James L. Boyer

COMPREHENSIVE PHYSIOLOGY (2013)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

High-fat-induced intestinal permeability dysfunction associated with altered fecal bile acids

Lotta K. Stenman et al.

WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2012)

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